![BH3-only proteins: key regulators of neuronal apoptosis](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/017836389_1-da53eca7f031bb8b86556e514a51a695-300x300.png)
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... Figure 3 Paired recordings identify convergent glomerular inputs. (a) An example paired recording from a GFP+ Mz671 neuron and one of its presynaptic PNs. The top trace is a single PN spike evoked by direct current injection. The bottom traces are postsynaptic membrane potentials in individual tria ...
... Figure 3 Paired recordings identify convergent glomerular inputs. (a) An example paired recording from a GFP+ Mz671 neuron and one of its presynaptic PNs. The top trace is a single PN spike evoked by direct current injection. The bottom traces are postsynaptic membrane potentials in individual tria ...
The Cell Adhesion Molecule Neuroplastin
... inhibitory synapses (23–25). Neuroplastin (np)2-65 and -55 (np65 and np55, respectively) are cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily that contain three or two extracellular immunoglobulin domains, respectively (26), which are derived from alternative splicing from a single gene. Th ...
... inhibitory synapses (23–25). Neuroplastin (np)2-65 and -55 (np65 and np55, respectively) are cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily that contain three or two extracellular immunoglobulin domains, respectively (26), which are derived from alternative splicing from a single gene. Th ...
Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
A neuronal network model of primary visual cortex explains spatial
... architecture of V1, we assume that there is a similar pinwheel structure in layer 4C (McLaughlin et al. 2000; Tao et al. 2004). We built a pinwheel structure into the model by tying the preferred orientation angle of the LGN input to a given 4C neuron to the neuron’s location in the layer with respe ...
... architecture of V1, we assume that there is a similar pinwheel structure in layer 4C (McLaughlin et al. 2000; Tao et al. 2004). We built a pinwheel structure into the model by tying the preferred orientation angle of the LGN input to a given 4C neuron to the neuron’s location in the layer with respe ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a change has not been observed following acoustic trauma (Hei ...
... is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a change has not been observed following acoustic trauma (Hei ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... excitatory input. It has been proposed that this short ‘window of opportunity’ [2, 33] allows L4 ...
... excitatory input. It has been proposed that this short ‘window of opportunity’ [2, 33] allows L4 ...
How to build a grid cell
... are unlikely to oscillate independently at different frequencies over sufficiently long periods of time [18], making it more likely that the VCOs are driven by synaptic inputs from direction-sensitive neurons [15,19]. At any rate, action potential firing in this type of model is produced when the VC ...
... are unlikely to oscillate independently at different frequencies over sufficiently long periods of time [18], making it more likely that the VCOs are driven by synaptic inputs from direction-sensitive neurons [15,19]. At any rate, action potential firing in this type of model is produced when the VC ...
Formation Costimulation in Immunological Synapse Live
... costimulation for CD4⫹ T cells (22). As with B7/CD28, ICAM1/LFA-1 interactions have been linked to cytoskeletal rearrangements within T cells (23). Cytoskeletal rearrangements are of prime importance in formation of the immunological synapse (9), and costimulation participates in controlling these r ...
... costimulation for CD4⫹ T cells (22). As with B7/CD28, ICAM1/LFA-1 interactions have been linked to cytoskeletal rearrangements within T cells (23). Cytoskeletal rearrangements are of prime importance in formation of the immunological synapse (9), and costimulation participates in controlling these r ...
Sample
... LO: 2.2 APA: 1.2 36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain. A) oligodendrocytes B) microglia C) astrocytes D) neurocytes E) Schwann cells Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual LO: 2.2 APA:1.1 37) Which of the following is true of Schwa ...
... LO: 2.2 APA: 1.2 36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain. A) oligodendrocytes B) microglia C) astrocytes D) neurocytes E) Schwann cells Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual LO: 2.2 APA:1.1 37) Which of the following is true of Schwa ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... of the mechanisms governing LAT neuronal activity therefore is required for understanding the neuronal basis of these responses and more generally of emotional expression. Recent evidence suggests that local inhibitory processes are major determinants of LAT neuronal activity and are central to its ...
... of the mechanisms governing LAT neuronal activity therefore is required for understanding the neuronal basis of these responses and more generally of emotional expression. Recent evidence suggests that local inhibitory processes are major determinants of LAT neuronal activity and are central to its ...
Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in
... ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase [22, 23]. A similar influence of amyloid precursor protein (APP) or cleavage products of APP on activity-dependent secretion of BDNF has not yet been described. In this study, we demonstrate a fast action (within 5 min) of amyloid-beta(1-42) on the transport of BDNFcon ...
... ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase [22, 23]. A similar influence of amyloid precursor protein (APP) or cleavage products of APP on activity-dependent secretion of BDNF has not yet been described. In this study, we demonstrate a fast action (within 5 min) of amyloid-beta(1-42) on the transport of BDNFcon ...
In LHRH neurons
... Similar treatments (i.e. thapsigargan or ryanodine) induced calcium oscillations in fetal monkey LHRH neurons. ...
... Similar treatments (i.e. thapsigargan or ryanodine) induced calcium oscillations in fetal monkey LHRH neurons. ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... and Christopher J. Frederickson. Rapid translocation of Zn2⫹ from presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extrace ...
... and Christopher J. Frederickson. Rapid translocation of Zn2⫹ from presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extrace ...
Physiological and Pharmacological Alterations in Postsynaptic
... Gibbs, John W., III, Sompong Sombati, Robert J. DeLorenzo, and Douglas A. Coulter. Physiological and pharmacological alterations in postsynaptic GABAA receptor function in a hippocampal culture model of chronic spontaneous seizures. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2139 – 2152, 1997. Cultured rat hippocampal ne ...
... Gibbs, John W., III, Sompong Sombati, Robert J. DeLorenzo, and Douglas A. Coulter. Physiological and pharmacological alterations in postsynaptic GABAA receptor function in a hippocampal culture model of chronic spontaneous seizures. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2139 – 2152, 1997. Cultured rat hippocampal ne ...
Bystander Attenuation Of Neuronal And Astrocyte
... Astrocytes respond to and release transmitters such as glutamate and extracellular ATP through increases in intracellular Ca2+ [25-28]. Astrocytes modulate synaptic activity and respond to the release of transmitters from neurons [25, 27, 29, 30]. Astrocytes communicate with one another; intercellul ...
... Astrocytes respond to and release transmitters such as glutamate and extracellular ATP through increases in intracellular Ca2+ [25-28]. Astrocytes modulate synaptic activity and respond to the release of transmitters from neurons [25, 27, 29, 30]. Astrocytes communicate with one another; intercellul ...
Laminar Selectivity of the Cholinergic Suppression of Synaptic
... recall. This comparison function requires that the Schaffer collaterals have the capacity to perform effective heteroassociative memory function, rather than only to undergo self-organization. The simulations presented here show that if the Schaffer collaterals have heteroassociative memory function ...
... recall. This comparison function requires that the Schaffer collaterals have the capacity to perform effective heteroassociative memory function, rather than only to undergo self-organization. The simulations presented here show that if the Schaffer collaterals have heteroassociative memory function ...
Model Protocells from Single-Chain Lipids
... nutrients. Conversely, membrane enclosed compartments could capture within its interior unique, nonequilibrium environments necessary for evolution that may not be as easily attainable under equilibrium solution conditions. Notwithstanding the described difficulties, the concept of simple, amphiphil ...
... nutrients. Conversely, membrane enclosed compartments could capture within its interior unique, nonequilibrium environments necessary for evolution that may not be as easily attainable under equilibrium solution conditions. Notwithstanding the described difficulties, the concept of simple, amphiphil ...
Olfaction in Invertebrates: Manduca. In: Squire LR (ed). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, vol 7, pp 49-57. Oxford: Academic Press.
... which project to the lip region of the mushroom body (MB) and to the lateral protocerebrum, the LH. PNs in these two pathways have been analyzed more closely by intracellular recordings. PNs in the median antennocerebral tract (m-ACT) code odors by latency differences or specific inhibitory phases i ...
... which project to the lip region of the mushroom body (MB) and to the lateral protocerebrum, the LH. PNs in these two pathways have been analyzed more closely by intracellular recordings. PNs in the median antennocerebral tract (m-ACT) code odors by latency differences or specific inhibitory phases i ...
Mechanism Of Hormonal Action:1
... Is the signal produced as a result of hormone binding to its cell membrane receptor. It mediates the effects of the hormone. The second messenger may be: ...
... Is the signal produced as a result of hormone binding to its cell membrane receptor. It mediates the effects of the hormone. The second messenger may be: ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power–law relationship between voltage and firing rate ...
... nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power–law relationship between voltage and firing rate ...
Biophysical Properties and Responses to Neurotransmitters of
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.246 on April 28, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.246 on April 28, 2017 ...
Psychopharmacology
... antagonists are drugs that interfere with the normal action of a neurotransmitter without binding to its receptor site ...
... antagonists are drugs that interfere with the normal action of a neurotransmitter without binding to its receptor site ...
Electrophysiology of Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons In vitro
... of this pulsatility remain poorly understood and several hypotheses are available, depending upon the neuroendocrine system considered. Among these systems, hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal magnocellular neurons have been early-considered models, as they typically display an electrical activity consisti ...
... of this pulsatility remain poorly understood and several hypotheses are available, depending upon the neuroendocrine system considered. Among these systems, hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal magnocellular neurons have been early-considered models, as they typically display an electrical activity consisti ...
Chemical synapse
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg?width=300)
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.