Targeting cell surface receptors for axon regeneration in the central
... after injury. In this review, we highlight a few receptors which have been demonstrated to be successful for axon regeneration (Figure 1). ...
... after injury. In this review, we highlight a few receptors which have been demonstrated to be successful for axon regeneration (Figure 1). ...
Estrogen Actions Throughout the Brain
... identify ERs inside of the cell nuclei. The identification and mapping of cells that contain ERs were extended from the uterus and mammary glands to the brain and pituitary gland (Pfaff, 1980). At first, only ERs in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were studied because they were the most obvious ...
... identify ERs inside of the cell nuclei. The identification and mapping of cells that contain ERs were extended from the uterus and mammary glands to the brain and pituitary gland (Pfaff, 1980). At first, only ERs in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were studied because they were the most obvious ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... of potential input to a large number of PCs. Under the influence of training signals conveyed by CFs to the molecular layer (Fig. 32.4), PCs learn to detect specific patterns in their state vectors. This allows the PCs to classify the many patterns of state that occur at different times and under di ...
... of potential input to a large number of PCs. Under the influence of training signals conveyed by CFs to the molecular layer (Fig. 32.4), PCs learn to detect specific patterns in their state vectors. This allows the PCs to classify the many patterns of state that occur at different times and under di ...
Synaptogenesis in the human cortex occurs between - UvA-DARE
... reveals a paradox; as experiences cause more pruning and at the same time a better network how it is possible then, that EE results in more synapses, which also has a positive effect on the organism‟s behavior? At this moment it is not yet clear whether pruning actually occurs in CA1. The variety o ...
... reveals a paradox; as experiences cause more pruning and at the same time a better network how it is possible then, that EE results in more synapses, which also has a positive effect on the organism‟s behavior? At this moment it is not yet clear whether pruning actually occurs in CA1. The variety o ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
PAR-1 activation by SFLLRNP decreases
... interpreted to represent places where a single myelinating process from an oligodendrocyte was lost. Linear markings were interpreted to represent places where multiple processes were affected. Whether specific markings were generated by the retraction of several oligodendrocyte processes from one c ...
... interpreted to represent places where a single myelinating process from an oligodendrocyte was lost. Linear markings were interpreted to represent places where multiple processes were affected. Whether specific markings were generated by the retraction of several oligodendrocyte processes from one c ...
The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) provides a model for the
... messenger substance cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) pours into the cell. This transmits the signal on to ion channels located in a different part of the membrane. But this takes time. The channels open up, eventually developing an electrical potential with calcium, sodium and potassium ions. F ...
... messenger substance cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) pours into the cell. This transmits the signal on to ion channels located in a different part of the membrane. But this takes time. The channels open up, eventually developing an electrical potential with calcium, sodium and potassium ions. F ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... Understanding how the brain acquires, analyzes, stores and retrieves sensory information is one of the most compelling questions in neuroscience. Central to information processing, are neural networks that interconnect the thalamus and the neocortex. Rather than being static, these neural pathways a ...
... Understanding how the brain acquires, analyzes, stores and retrieves sensory information is one of the most compelling questions in neuroscience. Central to information processing, are neural networks that interconnect the thalamus and the neocortex. Rather than being static, these neural pathways a ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
Neuronal control of swimming in jellyfish: a
... mutilated without undergoing destruction of their physiological continuity is in the highest degree astounding”. Romanes coupled his physiological knowledge with the histological information on nerve-net structure to put forward this analogy of the motor nerve net: “…if the reader will imagine a dis ...
... mutilated without undergoing destruction of their physiological continuity is in the highest degree astounding”. Romanes coupled his physiological knowledge with the histological information on nerve-net structure to put forward this analogy of the motor nerve net: “…if the reader will imagine a dis ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extensive network of such connections, and may exercise excitatory and inhibitory control by synapsing, respectively, with exc ...
... excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extensive network of such connections, and may exercise excitatory and inhibitory control by synapsing, respectively, with exc ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and Central Chemoreception
... end-expiratory pCO2, and their CO2 threshold is always lower than that of the respiratory network [9–11]. Also, especially in vagotomized animals, RTN neurons typically do not display an ON-OFF discharge pattern like classic CPG neurons, even at very high levels of pCO2 [10]. Third and perhaps most ...
... end-expiratory pCO2, and their CO2 threshold is always lower than that of the respiratory network [9–11]. Also, especially in vagotomized animals, RTN neurons typically do not display an ON-OFF discharge pattern like classic CPG neurons, even at very high levels of pCO2 [10]. Third and perhaps most ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... that medullary late-I neurons which initiate IOS receive excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under condi ...
... that medullary late-I neurons which initiate IOS receive excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under condi ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... mechanism for phenomena observed in single unit recording from the entorhinal cortex during performance of delayed matching and delayed non-matching tasks (Suzuki et al., 1997; Young et al., 1997). In particular, if cholinergic modulation is present, these cation currents are activated. Figure 3 sho ...
... mechanism for phenomena observed in single unit recording from the entorhinal cortex during performance of delayed matching and delayed non-matching tasks (Suzuki et al., 1997; Young et al., 1997). In particular, if cholinergic modulation is present, these cation currents are activated. Figure 3 sho ...
Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator
... these OSP-associated neurons belong to a descending RAS, which contributes to the activation of the spinal central pattern generators. ...
... these OSP-associated neurons belong to a descending RAS, which contributes to the activation of the spinal central pattern generators. ...
High Safety Factor for Action Potential Conduction Along Axons But
... Alger 1994). In hippocampus, for example, intense postsynaptic activity can lead to failure of evoked but not spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents through postsynaptic Ca 2/ influx, a retrograde messenger, and possibly involving presynaptic axonal conduction block (Alger et al. 1996). In cer ...
... Alger 1994). In hippocampus, for example, intense postsynaptic activity can lead to failure of evoked but not spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents through postsynaptic Ca 2/ influx, a retrograde messenger, and possibly involving presynaptic axonal conduction block (Alger et al. 1996). In cer ...
Synaptic Regulation of the Light-Dependent Oscillatory Currents in
... likely from presynaptic bipolar axon terminals and the binding of glutamate to AMPA/kainate receptors because they were blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalene-2,3-dione. The synaptic pathway responsible for the light responses was blocked by AP4, an agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors that hy ...
... likely from presynaptic bipolar axon terminals and the binding of glutamate to AMPA/kainate receptors because they were blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalene-2,3-dione. The synaptic pathway responsible for the light responses was blocked by AP4, an agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors that hy ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... (17). The accumulation of extracellular KⳭ that is secondary to neural activity may serve as a signal to glial cells that is proportional to the extent of the activity. For example, small increases in [KⳭ]o cause breakdown of glycogen (18), perhaps providing fuel for nearby active neurons (see the f ...
... (17). The accumulation of extracellular KⳭ that is secondary to neural activity may serve as a signal to glial cells that is proportional to the extent of the activity. For example, small increases in [KⳭ]o cause breakdown of glycogen (18), perhaps providing fuel for nearby active neurons (see the f ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... from olivary axons, and show that they fire in short bursts that can relay information about the state of olivary network and modulate plasticity in the cerebellar cortex. A remarkable ...
... from olivary axons, and show that they fire in short bursts that can relay information about the state of olivary network and modulate plasticity in the cerebellar cortex. A remarkable ...
Document
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.