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Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... project to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and prefrontal cortex. In addition to classical vesicular release from axons, midbrain DA neurons exhibit DA release from their cell bodies and dendrites. Somatodendritic DA release leads to activation of D2 DA autoreceptors on DA neurons that inhi ...
... project to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and prefrontal cortex. In addition to classical vesicular release from axons, midbrain DA neurons exhibit DA release from their cell bodies and dendrites. Somatodendritic DA release leads to activation of D2 DA autoreceptors on DA neurons that inhi ...
Glutamate Receptors
... loops? First, when descending corticobrainstem glutamate pathways have hypofunctioning NMDA receptors in the ventral tegmental area, this creates mesolimbic dopamine hyperactivity and positive symptoms of psychosis, as already eXplained above and illustrated in Figure 9-39B. The effects of this on C ...
... loops? First, when descending corticobrainstem glutamate pathways have hypofunctioning NMDA receptors in the ventral tegmental area, this creates mesolimbic dopamine hyperactivity and positive symptoms of psychosis, as already eXplained above and illustrated in Figure 9-39B. The effects of this on C ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... The information specified in the genotype determines some aspects of nervous system, which specifies the rules of developing the nervous system based on environmental interaction during developmental phase. Natural organisms, however, not only posses nervous systems but also genetic information stor ...
... The information specified in the genotype determines some aspects of nervous system, which specifies the rules of developing the nervous system based on environmental interaction during developmental phase. Natural organisms, however, not only posses nervous systems but also genetic information stor ...
Parvalbumin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Auditory Cortex
... Introduction The responses of neurons in the auditory cortex are powerfully shaped by the relative strength and timing of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Cortical inhibition is provided by local GABAergic interneurons, which comprise ⬃20% of the cortical population (Xu et al., 2010; but s ...
... Introduction The responses of neurons in the auditory cortex are powerfully shaped by the relative strength and timing of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Cortical inhibition is provided by local GABAergic interneurons, which comprise ⬃20% of the cortical population (Xu et al., 2010; but s ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... the brain also controls the very basis for human consciousness. Perhaps the last frontier of biological science – its ultimate challenge – is to understand the exact mental processes within the brain that allow us to perceive and act, learn and remember – the biological basis of consciousness. Until ...
... the brain also controls the very basis for human consciousness. Perhaps the last frontier of biological science – its ultimate challenge – is to understand the exact mental processes within the brain that allow us to perceive and act, learn and remember – the biological basis of consciousness. Until ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the firing times of all neurons that provide the input bits for another spiking neuron are synchronized (up to a few msec ...
... within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the firing times of all neurons that provide the input bits for another spiking neuron are synchronized (up to a few msec ...
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of
... characteristic and reliable positions of their cell bodies, as well as their intrinsic properties: recorded neurons in each class had a characteristic input resistance, resting membrane potential, and spike waveform. We were able to reliably record from midline local and projection neurons by target ...
... characteristic and reliable positions of their cell bodies, as well as their intrinsic properties: recorded neurons in each class had a characteristic input resistance, resting membrane potential, and spike waveform. We were able to reliably record from midline local and projection neurons by target ...
Physiology of muscles and nerves
... Both increases and decreases in the plasma (ECF) K+ concentration (normal concentration is between 3.5 and 5.0 mM) can alter the intracellular-to-extracellular K concentration gradient, which in turn can change the resting membrane potential. The most serious consequences of both K+ excess and K+ ...
... Both increases and decreases in the plasma (ECF) K+ concentration (normal concentration is between 3.5 and 5.0 mM) can alter the intracellular-to-extracellular K concentration gradient, which in turn can change the resting membrane potential. The most serious consequences of both K+ excess and K+ ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... neurons. Thus, recruitment of these specific excitatory inputs to VTA DA neurons may be a neural correlate for the learned association between active responding and the reward experience. ...
... neurons. Thus, recruitment of these specific excitatory inputs to VTA DA neurons may be a neural correlate for the learned association between active responding and the reward experience. ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... To quantify the oscillation strength of the recorded neuronal responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). ...
... To quantify the oscillation strength of the recorded neuronal responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). ...
Nutr Health. 2006 - Alzheimer`s Research Center
... to plaques (Phinney et al., 1999). Available data also indicates a failure of compensatory dendritic sprouting in many regions (Coleman, 1987; McKee et al., 1989). Instead most evidence is for a major loss of arbor and spines on remaining pyramidal neurons (Moolman et al., 2004). Dendritic spine los ...
... to plaques (Phinney et al., 1999). Available data also indicates a failure of compensatory dendritic sprouting in many regions (Coleman, 1987; McKee et al., 1989). Instead most evidence is for a major loss of arbor and spines on remaining pyramidal neurons (Moolman et al., 2004). Dendritic spine los ...
Chap016, Chapter 16: Autonomic Nervous System
... can be activated by the release of epinephrine. B) have two structural forms - muscarinic and nicotinic. C) when activated stimulate skeletal muscles to contract. D) can be found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. E) are activated by the release of acetylcholine. Answer: a ...
... can be activated by the release of epinephrine. B) have two structural forms - muscarinic and nicotinic. C) when activated stimulate skeletal muscles to contract. D) can be found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. E) are activated by the release of acetylcholine. Answer: a ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... and methylene blue stains suggest that differences exist between the arborization patterns of pre- and post-units. The neurons whose processes form glomeruli range widely in function and anatomy. They may be motor, but more commonly are sensory or internuncial elements. Among the latter, the dendrit ...
... and methylene blue stains suggest that differences exist between the arborization patterns of pre- and post-units. The neurons whose processes form glomeruli range widely in function and anatomy. They may be motor, but more commonly are sensory or internuncial elements. Among the latter, the dendrit ...
The paraventricular nucleus - Wyoming Scholars Repository
... Neurokinin Receptors: • So hyperosmolarity causes the release of a ligand (neurokinin B) in the PVN that then binds to its receptor and is internalized to the cytoplasm. This is to be expected. • But, then the NK3R (a plasma membrane receptor) appears in the cell nucleus- this shouldn’t happen. ...
... Neurokinin Receptors: • So hyperosmolarity causes the release of a ligand (neurokinin B) in the PVN that then binds to its receptor and is internalized to the cytoplasm. This is to be expected. • But, then the NK3R (a plasma membrane receptor) appears in the cell nucleus- this shouldn’t happen. ...
Lectin Labeling of Sprouting Neurons I. Regional Distribution of
... lectin labeling before aldehyde fixation, the cultures were subsequently washed with arsenate buffers, osmicated, and processed for embedding as described below. In those cases where lectin labeling followed aldehyde fixation, the cultures were gently rinsed with several changes of 1 mM glycine in P ...
... lectin labeling before aldehyde fixation, the cultures were subsequently washed with arsenate buffers, osmicated, and processed for embedding as described below. In those cases where lectin labeling followed aldehyde fixation, the cultures were gently rinsed with several changes of 1 mM glycine in P ...
Ion Channels in Bursting Neurons
... that the conductances found in this axon are fewer and more simplified than those found in any other region of a typical neuron. The reason is that axons, in general, are highly customized neural structures. In the squid, the giant axon is solely responsible for assuring the rapid and regular conduc ...
... that the conductances found in this axon are fewer and more simplified than those found in any other region of a typical neuron. The reason is that axons, in general, are highly customized neural structures. In the squid, the giant axon is solely responsible for assuring the rapid and regular conduc ...
A Neuronal Model of Predictive Coding Accounting for the
... linking the stimuli within the past few hundred milliseconds. A memory of the recent past is needed to achieve such a goal. This memory has to keep the trace of two properties: the identity of the past inputs and the time elapsed since they occurred. We choose to model this function in the simplest ...
... linking the stimuli within the past few hundred milliseconds. A memory of the recent past is needed to achieve such a goal. This memory has to keep the trace of two properties: the identity of the past inputs and the time elapsed since they occurred. We choose to model this function in the simplest ...
Neurotoxin-induced degeneration of dopamine neurons
... ADE processes and many of their somas become rounded. By 72 h, we often detected a complete loss of GFP expression in many of the dopamine neurons, with occasional retention of GFP expression in cell bodies (Fig. 2 a–c). Qualitatively similar findings were observed in nonintegrated transgenic lines ...
... ADE processes and many of their somas become rounded. By 72 h, we often detected a complete loss of GFP expression in many of the dopamine neurons, with occasional retention of GFP expression in cell bodies (Fig. 2 a–c). Qualitatively similar findings were observed in nonintegrated transgenic lines ...
Drosophila GABA, short neuropeptide F and their receptors
... cells express receptors to neuropeptide F (NPF) and were demonstrated to be under control of NPF (Krashes et al., 2007). 1.1.3. Other neurons and circuits of interest Gustatory and olfactory inputs signal about presence if food and about food quality. However, in order to monitor nutritional needs a ...
... cells express receptors to neuropeptide F (NPF) and were demonstrated to be under control of NPF (Krashes et al., 2007). 1.1.3. Other neurons and circuits of interest Gustatory and olfactory inputs signal about presence if food and about food quality. However, in order to monitor nutritional needs a ...
Chemical synapse
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg?width=300)
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.