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legend to figures - Rutgers University
... gold particles in their cytoplasm were investigated in the vicinity of the selected cholinergic neurons. According to our criteria, cholinergic neurons had to contain at least two gold granules per profile to be accepted as double-labeled. Gold particles above cell nuclei were never seen indicating ...
... gold particles in their cytoplasm were investigated in the vicinity of the selected cholinergic neurons. According to our criteria, cholinergic neurons had to contain at least two gold granules per profile to be accepted as double-labeled. Gold particles above cell nuclei were never seen indicating ...
Action Potentials in Earthworms
... to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sensitive to membrane depolarization and they respond by opening, which increases the membrane’s permeability to sodium. ...
... to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sensitive to membrane depolarization and they respond by opening, which increases the membrane’s permeability to sodium. ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... three (5%) as fast-spiking neurons. A burst was defined by a high frequency of the first two action potentials (>200 Hz) that rode on a depolarizing potential followed by a long (tens of milliseconds) afterhyperpolarizing ...
... three (5%) as fast-spiking neurons. A burst was defined by a high frequency of the first two action potentials (>200 Hz) that rode on a depolarizing potential followed by a long (tens of milliseconds) afterhyperpolarizing ...
Neuron/Glia Relationships Observed Over Intervals
... 'EURONS are invariably associated with glial cells. In some instances, the functional significance of the association is clear, as in the case of axon myelination by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes (Wood and Bunge, 1984; Bunge, 1986). In most instances, however, the functional role of glia is less ...
... 'EURONS are invariably associated with glial cells. In some instances, the functional significance of the association is clear, as in the case of axon myelination by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes (Wood and Bunge, 1984; Bunge, 1986). In most instances, however, the functional role of glia is less ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
Computing with Spiking Neuron Networks
... non-exhaustive outline, a neuron can generate an action potential – the spike – at the soma, the cell body of the neuron. This brief electric pulse (1 or 2ms duration) then travels along the neuron’s axon, that in turn is linked up to the receiving end of other neurons, the dendrites (see Figure 1, ...
... non-exhaustive outline, a neuron can generate an action potential – the spike – at the soma, the cell body of the neuron. This brief electric pulse (1 or 2ms duration) then travels along the neuron’s axon, that in turn is linked up to the receiving end of other neurons, the dendrites (see Figure 1, ...
Coordination of Cellular Pattern-Generating Circuits that Control
... vpre ⬎ Vth and then decays slowly (at a rate proportional to (⑀2/k)) when vpre ⬍ Vth. The equations for v1B, n1B, and s1B are the same as those for cell 1A, with all of the A’s replaced by B’s. When there is no intersegmental coupling present, the voltages of the local circuit cells exhibit stable “ ...
... vpre ⬎ Vth and then decays slowly (at a rate proportional to (⑀2/k)) when vpre ⬍ Vth. The equations for v1B, n1B, and s1B are the same as those for cell 1A, with all of the A’s replaced by B’s. When there is no intersegmental coupling present, the voltages of the local circuit cells exhibit stable “ ...
Heterogeneous Spine Loss in Layer 5 Cortical
... sensory-motor cortex expressed YFP. Moreover, nontufted neurons were not visible suggesting that the vast majority of the callosal neurons originating from layer 5 do not express YFP (Hubener and Bolz 1988; Supplementary Fig.). Importantly, callosal cells do not project to the spinal cord (CatsmanBe ...
... sensory-motor cortex expressed YFP. Moreover, nontufted neurons were not visible suggesting that the vast majority of the callosal neurons originating from layer 5 do not express YFP (Hubener and Bolz 1988; Supplementary Fig.). Importantly, callosal cells do not project to the spinal cord (CatsmanBe ...
(A) dTRPA1
... life threatening compounds. In vertebrates, the trigeminal nerve is an important anatomical site of chemical nociception, and the nerve directly responds to a variety of chemical compounds. A molecular target for many of these trigeminal stimulants is the TRPA1 channel. Drosophila possess multiple m ...
... life threatening compounds. In vertebrates, the trigeminal nerve is an important anatomical site of chemical nociception, and the nerve directly responds to a variety of chemical compounds. A molecular target for many of these trigeminal stimulants is the TRPA1 channel. Drosophila possess multiple m ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... when the previously quasi-independent fast oscillators coalesced their rhythms. Spike-triggered averages (STA), using the action potentials of the intracellularly recorded neuron, demonstrated that the area 4 neuron discharged in close time relation with one, but not the other, neuronal pool before ...
... when the previously quasi-independent fast oscillators coalesced their rhythms. Spike-triggered averages (STA), using the action potentials of the intracellularly recorded neuron, demonstrated that the area 4 neuron discharged in close time relation with one, but not the other, neuronal pool before ...
Part2
... Remark: This analysis does a very good job in predicting when irregular activity arises in larger networks. ...
... Remark: This analysis does a very good job in predicting when irregular activity arises in larger networks. ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... conductance of the membrane but does not cause any voltage change when activated on its own. In this case it is more convenient to think of the inhibition as reducing the input resistance of the cell, effectively reducing the voltage response to excitatory current. This property of inhibition can be ...
... conductance of the membrane but does not cause any voltage change when activated on its own. In this case it is more convenient to think of the inhibition as reducing the input resistance of the cell, effectively reducing the voltage response to excitatory current. This property of inhibition can be ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... For EEG recording, a stainless-steel screw was threaded into the bone Electrophysiology. Each animal was placed on its side in the stereotaxic above the occipital cortex (6 mm posterior from the bregma, 3.5 mm frame. The skin covering the frontal bone was opened, the masseter lateral from the midlin ...
... For EEG recording, a stainless-steel screw was threaded into the bone Electrophysiology. Each animal was placed on its side in the stereotaxic above the occipital cortex (6 mm posterior from the bregma, 3.5 mm frame. The skin covering the frontal bone was opened, the masseter lateral from the midlin ...
Synaptic Targets of Medial Septal Projections in the Hippocampus
... or dendrites immunopositive for interneuron cell-type molecular markers, such as parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, N-terminal EFhand calcium-binding protein 1, cholecystokinin, reelin, or a combination of these molecules. Electron microscopic observations revealed septal boutons forming axosomatic ...
... or dendrites immunopositive for interneuron cell-type molecular markers, such as parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, N-terminal EFhand calcium-binding protein 1, cholecystokinin, reelin, or a combination of these molecules. Electron microscopic observations revealed septal boutons forming axosomatic ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... Preparation. An in vitro slice preparation of the goldfish optic tectum (Freeman, 1979a, b; Matsumoto et al., 1983) was employed. Goldfish were anesthetized by immersion in ice water. When all movement ceased, the fish were placed on the stage of a dissecting microscope and the cranial cavity fully ...
... Preparation. An in vitro slice preparation of the goldfish optic tectum (Freeman, 1979a, b; Matsumoto et al., 1983) was employed. Goldfish were anesthetized by immersion in ice water. When all movement ceased, the fish were placed on the stage of a dissecting microscope and the cranial cavity fully ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 28, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/041673. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 28, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/041673. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Chemical synapse
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg?width=300)
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.