Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... Nomarski optics. The morphology of the projections neurons within the deutocerebrum was examined by intracellular staining of the cells with L ucifer yellow CH (Sigma). Neurons were penetrated primarily in the cell body and stained by iontophoretic injection of L ucifer yellow using hyperpolarizing ...
... Nomarski optics. The morphology of the projections neurons within the deutocerebrum was examined by intracellular staining of the cells with L ucifer yellow CH (Sigma). Neurons were penetrated primarily in the cell body and stained by iontophoretic injection of L ucifer yellow using hyperpolarizing ...
Human Biology I - Control and Development
... with a target cell—either another neuron or a cell that does something (such as a muscle cell). The connections between neurons and their target cells are called synapses. ...
... with a target cell—either another neuron or a cell that does something (such as a muscle cell). The connections between neurons and their target cells are called synapses. ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... modified within the terminals of the sensory neurons themselves,by meansof presynaptic inhibition. Presynaptic inhibition alters the ability of an action potential to causetransmitter releaseand, in both vertebrates and invertebrates, may result from the activation of other sensory afferents in the ...
... modified within the terminals of the sensory neurons themselves,by meansof presynaptic inhibition. Presynaptic inhibition alters the ability of an action potential to causetransmitter releaseand, in both vertebrates and invertebrates, may result from the activation of other sensory afferents in the ...
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS I
... Components of Signal Transduction Signal transduction within cells is accomplished by combinations of: 1st Messenger (extracellular signals e.g. epinephrine, acetylcholine) Receptor Effectors (e.g. adenylyl cyclase, phospholipases, kinases, ion channels etc) 2nd messengers (cAMP, cGMP, inos ...
... Components of Signal Transduction Signal transduction within cells is accomplished by combinations of: 1st Messenger (extracellular signals e.g. epinephrine, acetylcholine) Receptor Effectors (e.g. adenylyl cyclase, phospholipases, kinases, ion channels etc) 2nd messengers (cAMP, cGMP, inos ...
cellular and subcellular mechanisms of cardiac pacemaker oscillations
... excludes the surface membrane potential. When oscillations in surface membrane permeability or surface membrane potential occur, they are seen as secondary consequences of the oscillatory mechanism. Over the years since Bozler's experiments, explanations of cardiac pacemaker activity have generally ...
... excludes the surface membrane potential. When oscillations in surface membrane permeability or surface membrane potential occur, they are seen as secondary consequences of the oscillatory mechanism. Over the years since Bozler's experiments, explanations of cardiac pacemaker activity have generally ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... If all neurons in the ®rst group are activated synchronously, they will cause the neurons of the second group to ®re synchronously and so on. Thus, each activated group will pass a spike volley on to the next group. This process will continue, until either the chain comes to an end, or other (e.g. i ...
... If all neurons in the ®rst group are activated synchronously, they will cause the neurons of the second group to ®re synchronously and so on. Thus, each activated group will pass a spike volley on to the next group. This process will continue, until either the chain comes to an end, or other (e.g. i ...
Signaling from synapse to nucleus: the logic behind the mechanisms Karl Deisseroth
... the membrane, within elaborate networks of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. However, only within the past few years has it become clear that even deeper within the neuron lies perhaps the most formidable engine of computation of all [1]. The nucleus of the mammalian neuron creates, shapes, links and ...
... the membrane, within elaborate networks of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. However, only within the past few years has it become clear that even deeper within the neuron lies perhaps the most formidable engine of computation of all [1]. The nucleus of the mammalian neuron creates, shapes, links and ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining subsets of neuronal populations, as spiny GABAergic projection cells can cont ...
... while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining subsets of neuronal populations, as spiny GABAergic projection cells can cont ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... normalized for each ganglion by dividing all cells for a particular ganglion by the cell having the highest integrated density for that ganglion. Thus, relative intensities for individual cells ranged from a maximum of one to a minimum that asymptotically approached zero. The magnification was such ...
... normalized for each ganglion by dividing all cells for a particular ganglion by the cell having the highest integrated density for that ganglion. Thus, relative intensities for individual cells ranged from a maximum of one to a minimum that asymptotically approached zero. The magnification was such ...
Invariant computations in local cortical networks with balanced
... their inputs so as to create outputs that are relevant for perception and action. These transformations are characteristic of an area, rely on discrete local circuits and are computed both dynamically and invariantly despite variations in functional architecture within the area1. For example, the co ...
... their inputs so as to create outputs that are relevant for perception and action. These transformations are characteristic of an area, rely on discrete local circuits and are computed both dynamically and invariantly despite variations in functional architecture within the area1. For example, the co ...
Neurogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
... ask how a nervous system develops. The key advantages of the system that one can bring to bear on this question and that set C. elegans apart from other model systems are several fold. First, the genetic amenability of the worm has allowed the retrieval of a large number of mutants required for the ...
... ask how a nervous system develops. The key advantages of the system that one can bring to bear on this question and that set C. elegans apart from other model systems are several fold. First, the genetic amenability of the worm has allowed the retrieval of a large number of mutants required for the ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... innervates area X, a basal ganglia homolog within the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP). The AFP, which is essential to juvenile and adult audition-dependent vocal plasticity (Bottjer et al., 1984; Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Brainard and Doupe, 2000) and may facilitate song perception (Scharff et a ...
... innervates area X, a basal ganglia homolog within the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP). The AFP, which is essential to juvenile and adult audition-dependent vocal plasticity (Bottjer et al., 1984; Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Brainard and Doupe, 2000) and may facilitate song perception (Scharff et a ...
Single-molecule insights into mRNA
... translation. These exciting new discoveries propel our understanding of the life of an mRNA in a neuron and how its activity is regulated at the single-molecule level. RNA localization in neurons Neuron morphology, a complex arborization of hundreds of branches up to millimeters in length, raises th ...
... translation. These exciting new discoveries propel our understanding of the life of an mRNA in a neuron and how its activity is regulated at the single-molecule level. RNA localization in neurons Neuron morphology, a complex arborization of hundreds of branches up to millimeters in length, raises th ...
Article - Columbia University
... (West, 1993). However, we have taken precautions to reduce the possibility that our conclusions could be compromised by such bias. For example, bias may be introduced if the objects being counted are larger than the section width; in this case, a single object may appear in more than one section and ...
... (West, 1993). However, we have taken precautions to reduce the possibility that our conclusions could be compromised by such bias. For example, bias may be introduced if the objects being counted are larger than the section width; in this case, a single object may appear in more than one section and ...
Membrane Bistability in Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells
... Bistable mitral cells spontaneously alternated between the downstate and the upstate. The depolarizing transition from the downstate to the upstate was initially slow, with increasing slope on approach to the upstate. This transition, designated the “depolarizing ramp,” was accurately described by a ...
... Bistable mitral cells spontaneously alternated between the downstate and the upstate. The depolarizing transition from the downstate to the upstate was initially slow, with increasing slope on approach to the upstate. This transition, designated the “depolarizing ramp,” was accurately described by a ...
Clonal analysis of Drosophila antennal lobe neurons
... with those of the GH146 subsets further revealed that the adPN (Fig. 2D) and vPN (Fig. 2F) lineages appear to consist of uniglomerular and mixed PNs, respectively, as exemplified by the GH146-positive subsets. Their axons constitute the iACT and mACT, respectively (Fig. 2D,F). By contrast, diverse n ...
... with those of the GH146 subsets further revealed that the adPN (Fig. 2D) and vPN (Fig. 2F) lineages appear to consist of uniglomerular and mixed PNs, respectively, as exemplified by the GH146-positive subsets. Their axons constitute the iACT and mACT, respectively (Fig. 2D,F). By contrast, diverse n ...
Beta-Adrenergic Receptors and Fat Loss
... volves either homologous desensitization, where the receptor’s active site is translocated within the cell membrane so that the binding site is no longer positioned extracellularly, or it involves heterologous desensitization, where the receptor is phosphorylated, rendering it incapable of participa ...
... volves either homologous desensitization, where the receptor’s active site is translocated within the cell membrane so that the binding site is no longer positioned extracellularly, or it involves heterologous desensitization, where the receptor is phosphorylated, rendering it incapable of participa ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.