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Firing Properties of GABAergic Versus Non
... Gittis AH, du Lac S. Firing properties of GABAergic versus nonGABAergic vestibular nucleus neurons conferred by a differential balance of potassium currents. J Neurophysiol 97: 3986 –3996, 2007. First published March 28, 2007; doi:10.1152/jn.00141.2007. Neural circuits are composed of diverse cell t ...
... Gittis AH, du Lac S. Firing properties of GABAergic versus nonGABAergic vestibular nucleus neurons conferred by a differential balance of potassium currents. J Neurophysiol 97: 3986 –3996, 2007. First published March 28, 2007; doi:10.1152/jn.00141.2007. Neural circuits are composed of diverse cell t ...
A neurocomputational model of the mammalian fear
... account for the behaviour observed in these experiments correspond to known anatomical regions of the mammalian brain. Parts of the amygdala, periaqueductal gray, cortex and thalamus, and hippocampus are included and are connected to each other in a biologically plausible manner. The model was built ...
... account for the behaviour observed in these experiments correspond to known anatomical regions of the mammalian brain. Parts of the amygdala, periaqueductal gray, cortex and thalamus, and hippocampus are included and are connected to each other in a biologically plausible manner. The model was built ...
Introducing a New Product
... Components of neurons (cont) Axon A single process extending from the axon hillock, sometimes covered by a fatty layer called a myelin sheath (Figure 13-6) Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron Distal tips of axons are telodendria, each of which terminates in a synaptic ...
... Components of neurons (cont) Axon A single process extending from the axon hillock, sometimes covered by a fatty layer called a myelin sheath (Figure 13-6) Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron Distal tips of axons are telodendria, each of which terminates in a synaptic ...
Mating behavior, male sensory cilia, and polycystins
... cilia [4]. The cilia of the olfactory epithelium, in which odor transduction takes place, have a simple morphology, but each cell has a multitude of cilia [5]. Such differences in form and functions of cilia in different cells and tissues suggest that cilia are not all alike, despite the fact that c ...
... cilia [4]. The cilia of the olfactory epithelium, in which odor transduction takes place, have a simple morphology, but each cell has a multitude of cilia [5]. Such differences in form and functions of cilia in different cells and tissues suggest that cilia are not all alike, despite the fact that c ...
Organization of Inhibitory Frequency Receptive Fields in Cat Primary
... procedure was repeated. The resulting responses of multiple presentations then were added. Because we presented .675 stimuli all containing the BEF tone, habituation or adaptation sometimes caused the response to decrease over time. In those cases, we repeated the two-tone FRA several times. We used ...
... procedure was repeated. The resulting responses of multiple presentations then were added. Because we presented .675 stimuli all containing the BEF tone, habituation or adaptation sometimes caused the response to decrease over time. In those cases, we repeated the two-tone FRA several times. We used ...
Read Here
... R.D. Brust’s present address: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Correspondence should be addressed to Susan M. Dymecki, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building, Room 358, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: ...
... R.D. Brust’s present address: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Correspondence should be addressed to Susan M. Dymecki, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building, Room 358, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: ...
Protein Synthesis within Dendrites: Glycosylation
... hippocampal neurons in culture. These are the same cells in which the distribution of particular mRNA species and the distribution of protein synthetic activity have previously been defined (Kleiman et al., 1990, 1993; Torre and Steward, 1992). The principal approach was to use precursor labeling te ...
... hippocampal neurons in culture. These are the same cells in which the distribution of particular mRNA species and the distribution of protein synthetic activity have previously been defined (Kleiman et al., 1990, 1993; Torre and Steward, 1992). The principal approach was to use precursor labeling te ...
Functional Role of the Fast Transient Outward K Current IA in
... the presence of 1 M TTX and 0.1 mM CdCl2 to block voltagegated Na ⫹ and Ca 2⫹ currents, respectively. Representative outward currents recorded from the majority (16 of 20) of isolated visual cortical pyramidal neurons (see also below) in response to brief (300 ms) and prolonged (6 s) membrane depol ...
... the presence of 1 M TTX and 0.1 mM CdCl2 to block voltagegated Na ⫹ and Ca 2⫹ currents, respectively. Representative outward currents recorded from the majority (16 of 20) of isolated visual cortical pyramidal neurons (see also below) in response to brief (300 ms) and prolonged (6 s) membrane depol ...
Andrea Kádár
... A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons was slightly higher in the most anterior part of PVN, while the network of the AGRP-IR axons seemed to be denser in the posterior level of the PVN. In the s ...
... A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons was slightly higher in the most anterior part of PVN, while the network of the AGRP-IR axons seemed to be denser in the posterior level of the PVN. In the s ...
Hypoglycemia-Activated GLUT2 Neurons of the Nucleus Tractus
... the sole implication of K+ channels. Continuous recording of glucose-induced current with high intrapipette Cl in the presence of tetrodotoxin unveiled an outward current of 18.6 ± 4.5 pA consistent with the closure of a K+ conductance (Figure 2C). In agreement with the implication of leak K+ channe ...
... the sole implication of K+ channels. Continuous recording of glucose-induced current with high intrapipette Cl in the presence of tetrodotoxin unveiled an outward current of 18.6 ± 4.5 pA consistent with the closure of a K+ conductance (Figure 2C). In agreement with the implication of leak K+ channe ...
The role of calcium and other ions in sorting and delivery in the late
... mammalian cells, complementary data have been obtained for homotypic fusion of early endosomes [24] and heterotypic fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes [20]. In both systems, fusion was inhibited by BAPTA but not EGTA and was also prevented by pre-incubation with a membranepermeable ester, EGTA- ...
... mammalian cells, complementary data have been obtained for homotypic fusion of early endosomes [24] and heterotypic fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes [20]. In both systems, fusion was inhibited by BAPTA but not EGTA and was also prevented by pre-incubation with a membranepermeable ester, EGTA- ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... GABA, and a variety of neuropeptides (Box 2). Another caveat to these experiments is that TH mRNA expression has been observed in neurons with varying levels of vesicular monoamine transporter expression, raising the possibility that some TH positive neurons may not release dopamine through a classi ...
... GABA, and a variety of neuropeptides (Box 2). Another caveat to these experiments is that TH mRNA expression has been observed in neurons with varying levels of vesicular monoamine transporter expression, raising the possibility that some TH positive neurons may not release dopamine through a classi ...
Glutamate Controls the Induction of GABA
... spontaneous GDPs with GABA (20 mM) or AMPA (5 mM) and to evoke GDPs by focal stimulation. The effect of AMPA was usually associated to a 5- to 12-mV membrane depolarization. Both GDPs as well as membrane depolarization disappeared when AMPA was applied in the presence of bicuculline (10 mM, data not ...
... spontaneous GDPs with GABA (20 mM) or AMPA (5 mM) and to evoke GDPs by focal stimulation. The effect of AMPA was usually associated to a 5- to 12-mV membrane depolarization. Both GDPs as well as membrane depolarization disappeared when AMPA was applied in the presence of bicuculline (10 mM, data not ...
Leptin Exhibits Pluripotent Effects on Appetite and Metabolism
... leptin’s inhibition of food intake. In the ARC are neurons that both stimulate appetite – through two hormones: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and inhibit appetite – through proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that activate the appetite suppressing pathway which includes the ...
... leptin’s inhibition of food intake. In the ARC are neurons that both stimulate appetite – through two hormones: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and inhibit appetite – through proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that activate the appetite suppressing pathway which includes the ...
Bacillus anthracis produces membrane-derived vesicles containing biologically active toxins
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
The Pathogenic Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Exports
... Exosome-like vesicles containing virulence factors, enzymes, and antigens have recently been characterized in fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum. Here, we describe extracellular vesicles carrying highly immunogenic ␣-linked galactopyranosyl (␣-Gal) epitopes ...
... Exosome-like vesicles containing virulence factors, enzymes, and antigens have recently been characterized in fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum. Here, we describe extracellular vesicles carrying highly immunogenic ␣-linked galactopyranosyl (␣-Gal) epitopes ...
Spike-based Winner-Take-All Computation in a Multi
... anatomical data as follows: superficial pyramidal cells receive input from subcortical areas, as well as from other intra- and interareal excitatory sources. Horizontal inhibitory cells ensure that the local input is decoded consistently with the interpretation of other intra- and inter-areal networ ...
... anatomical data as follows: superficial pyramidal cells receive input from subcortical areas, as well as from other intra- and interareal excitatory sources. Horizontal inhibitory cells ensure that the local input is decoded consistently with the interpretation of other intra- and inter-areal networ ...
Origins of correlated activity in an olfactory circuit
... be detrimental if they limit the ability of downstream neurons to increase their signal-to-noise ratio by averaging multiple inputs9. The way correlated activity arises in a neural circuit has important consequences for how correlations might be interpreted by subsequent layers of the circuit. For e ...
... be detrimental if they limit the ability of downstream neurons to increase their signal-to-noise ratio by averaging multiple inputs9. The way correlated activity arises in a neural circuit has important consequences for how correlations might be interpreted by subsequent layers of the circuit. For e ...
Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain
... Glutamate, the most common neurotransmitter in the brain, is formed from its precursor a-ketoglutarate from the Kreb’s cycle (Figure 5). Glutamate is primarily produced in neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters owing to an increased flow of positive ions (sodium and calcium) by opening the ion-chan ...
... Glutamate, the most common neurotransmitter in the brain, is formed from its precursor a-ketoglutarate from the Kreb’s cycle (Figure 5). Glutamate is primarily produced in neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters owing to an increased flow of positive ions (sodium and calcium) by opening the ion-chan ...
Chemical synapse
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg?width=300)
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.