Link
... phenotypes that extend axons rostrally in the embryonic cord (Moran-Rivard et al., 2001; Pierani et al., 2001). The postmitotic transcription factor Evx1 is specific to V0V neurons that are predominantly glutamatergic but is not expressed in dorsally derived GABA/glycinergic V0D interneurons (G. Lan ...
... phenotypes that extend axons rostrally in the embryonic cord (Moran-Rivard et al., 2001; Pierani et al., 2001). The postmitotic transcription factor Evx1 is specific to V0V neurons that are predominantly glutamatergic but is not expressed in dorsally derived GABA/glycinergic V0D interneurons (G. Lan ...
Agrin-related Molecules Are Concentrated at Acetylcholine Receptor
... HE neuromuscular junction is comprised of a precisely localized array of molecular and morphological specializations. For example, the postsynaptic apparatus is characterized by high concentrations of acetylcholine receptor (AchR) t and acetylcholinesterase, as well as by distinctive junctional fold ...
... HE neuromuscular junction is comprised of a precisely localized array of molecular and morphological specializations. For example, the postsynaptic apparatus is characterized by high concentrations of acetylcholine receptor (AchR) t and acetylcholinesterase, as well as by distinctive junctional fold ...
Bcl11a is required for neuronal morphogenesis and sensory circuit
... cell fate decisions, morphogenesis, positioning and wiring of dorsal spinal neurons (Chen et al., 2001; Qian et al., 2002; Cheng et al., 2004; Ding et al., 2004; Marmigere et al., 2006). The signals provided by dorsal horn neurons that guide sensory axons from DRG neurons to their spinal targets are ...
... cell fate decisions, morphogenesis, positioning and wiring of dorsal spinal neurons (Chen et al., 2001; Qian et al., 2002; Cheng et al., 2004; Ding et al., 2004; Marmigere et al., 2006). The signals provided by dorsal horn neurons that guide sensory axons from DRG neurons to their spinal targets are ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
Lect 11 Crossing the midline
... 1. Why do commissural axons cross the midline but not other axons? 2. If the midline is attractive to commissural axons, why do they leave the midline? 3. Why do commissural axons make longitudinal projections, rather than turning back into the midline? ...
... 1. Why do commissural axons cross the midline but not other axons? 2. If the midline is attractive to commissural axons, why do they leave the midline? 3. Why do commissural axons make longitudinal projections, rather than turning back into the midline? ...
Vesicular transport of newly synthesized opsin from the Golgi
... Although each of the three analyses involved fewer observed silver grains than the results described in Table 1, the results were consistent with those described in Table 1 for Microdol X development of tissues fixed with mixed aldehydes. Thin sections passing through a plane approximately parallel ...
... Although each of the three analyses involved fewer observed silver grains than the results described in Table 1, the results were consistent with those described in Table 1 for Microdol X development of tissues fixed with mixed aldehydes. Thin sections passing through a plane approximately parallel ...
Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy
... Kindling model: repeated subconvulsive stimuli resulting in electrical afterdischarges • Eventually lead to stimulation-induced clinical seizures • In some cases, lead to spontaneous seizures (epilepsy) • Applicability to human epilepsy uncertain ...
... Kindling model: repeated subconvulsive stimuli resulting in electrical afterdischarges • Eventually lead to stimulation-induced clinical seizures • In some cases, lead to spontaneous seizures (epilepsy) • Applicability to human epilepsy uncertain ...
Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP
... The cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable us to sense cold are not well understood. Insights into this process have come from the use of pharmacological agents, such as menthol, that elicit a cooling sensation. Here we have characterized and cloned a menthol receptor from trigeminal sensory ...
... The cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable us to sense cold are not well understood. Insights into this process have come from the use of pharmacological agents, such as menthol, that elicit a cooling sensation. Here we have characterized and cloned a menthol receptor from trigeminal sensory ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... Nf19a–/9a– mutant), in which the neuron-specific NF1 exon 9acontaining isoform is deleted. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR confirmed the total absence of Nf1 exon 9a-containing mRNA in Nf19a–/9a– mice (Figure 1a and Supplementary Figure 1). Consistent with the relatively high abundance of this ...
... Nf19a–/9a– mutant), in which the neuron-specific NF1 exon 9acontaining isoform is deleted. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR confirmed the total absence of Nf1 exon 9a-containing mRNA in Nf19a–/9a– mice (Figure 1a and Supplementary Figure 1). Consistent with the relatively high abundance of this ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... discernible effect on the number, distribution, or staining intensity of ChAT-positive neurons. The findings obtained in the five areas examined in detail are as follows. Caudate putamen. Here, the histochemical stain for AChE showed complete overlap with the immunofluorescence label for ChAT (Fig. ...
... discernible effect on the number, distribution, or staining intensity of ChAT-positive neurons. The findings obtained in the five areas examined in detail are as follows. Caudate putamen. Here, the histochemical stain for AChE showed complete overlap with the immunofluorescence label for ChAT (Fig. ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... excitatory and inhibitory (Winer et al., 1996; Peruzzi et al., 1997; Bartlett et al., 2000). Fast excitatory neurotransmission in the auditory system is mainly mediated by the action of an excitatory amino acid such as glutamate on AMPA receptors (Lerma et al., 2001; Zhang and Kelly, 2001, 2003), wh ...
... excitatory and inhibitory (Winer et al., 1996; Peruzzi et al., 1997; Bartlett et al., 2000). Fast excitatory neurotransmission in the auditory system is mainly mediated by the action of an excitatory amino acid such as glutamate on AMPA receptors (Lerma et al., 2001; Zhang and Kelly, 2001, 2003), wh ...
Chapter 8. GABAergic Interneurons of the Striatum
... FIGURE 8.1 Striatal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) FSIs. (A) Typical morphology of an immunocytochemically labeled striatal GABAergic PV+ interneuron. (B) Drawing tube reconstruction of a biocytin-labeled rat striatal FSI that was presynaptic to a spiny projection neuron (not shown). Note the extremely ...
... FIGURE 8.1 Striatal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) FSIs. (A) Typical morphology of an immunocytochemically labeled striatal GABAergic PV+ interneuron. (B) Drawing tube reconstruction of a biocytin-labeled rat striatal FSI that was presynaptic to a spiny projection neuron (not shown). Note the extremely ...
Integration of the olfactory code across dendritic
... the characteristic selectivity of mushroom body neurons: these cells receive different types of input and require those inputs to be coactive to spike. These results establish the mushroom body as an important site of integration in the fly olfactory system. The olfactory system of Drosophila is an ...
... the characteristic selectivity of mushroom body neurons: these cells receive different types of input and require those inputs to be coactive to spike. These results establish the mushroom body as an important site of integration in the fly olfactory system. The olfactory system of Drosophila is an ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
Proprioceptive Coupling within Motor Neurons Drives C. elegans
... when all premotor interneurons are ablated (Kawano et al., 2011; Zheng et al., 1999), C. elegans retains the ability to generate local body bending, suggesting that the motor circuit itself (A-, B-, and D-type neurons and muscle cells) can generate undulatory waves. However, the synaptic connectivit ...
... when all premotor interneurons are ablated (Kawano et al., 2011; Zheng et al., 1999), C. elegans retains the ability to generate local body bending, suggesting that the motor circuit itself (A-, B-, and D-type neurons and muscle cells) can generate undulatory waves. However, the synaptic connectivit ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.