Word - The Open University
... their degree of branching depend very much on the type of cell, its shape, and how it is interacting with the extracellular matrix. The great majority of cell adhesion molecules, which allow a cell to bind to the extracellular matrix, interact inside the cell with microfilaments – usually via adapto ...
... their degree of branching depend very much on the type of cell, its shape, and how it is interacting with the extracellular matrix. The great majority of cell adhesion molecules, which allow a cell to bind to the extracellular matrix, interact inside the cell with microfilaments – usually via adapto ...
Article Satb2 Regulates Callosal Projection Neuron Identity in the Developing Cerebral Cortex Neuron
... enabled us to trace the projections of Satb2-expressing neurons. Both X-gal staining and immunohistochemistry at E18.5 revealed b-galactosidase+ axons crossing the corpus callosum (Figure 3E and Figure S2). No labeling was observed in the internal or external capsules (Figures 3E–3H), where axons ex ...
... enabled us to trace the projections of Satb2-expressing neurons. Both X-gal staining and immunohistochemistry at E18.5 revealed b-galactosidase+ axons crossing the corpus callosum (Figure 3E and Figure S2). No labeling was observed in the internal or external capsules (Figures 3E–3H), where axons ex ...
Chapter 33 Nervous System
... 33.1 Structure of the Nervous System When a stimulus reaches threshold, channels open in the plasma membrane. Sodium ions are rapidly pumped through these channels causing a temporary change in the electrical charges. More positive charges are now inside the membrane. ...
... 33.1 Structure of the Nervous System When a stimulus reaches threshold, channels open in the plasma membrane. Sodium ions are rapidly pumped through these channels causing a temporary change in the electrical charges. More positive charges are now inside the membrane. ...
Different Roles for Simple-Cell and Complex
... data are used in most of our later studies (Kayser et al., 2001; Krukowski and Miller, 2001; Lauritzen et al., 2001; Troyer et al., 2002) but not in our original study (Troyer et al., 1998); these data are used because they are the only published data of which we are aware that includes responses bo ...
... data are used in most of our later studies (Kayser et al., 2001; Krukowski and Miller, 2001; Lauritzen et al., 2001; Troyer et al., 2002) but not in our original study (Troyer et al., 1998); these data are used because they are the only published data of which we are aware that includes responses bo ...
Differential Classical Conditioning of the Gill
... GWR (Pinsker et al., 1970; Ezzeddine and Glanzman, 2003). We observed significant habituation of the GWR in additional experiments in which the same number of CSs were alternately given to the siphon at the same rate of stimulation used for differential conditioning, but in which the US was withheld ...
... GWR (Pinsker et al., 1970; Ezzeddine and Glanzman, 2003). We observed significant habituation of the GWR in additional experiments in which the same number of CSs were alternately given to the siphon at the same rate of stimulation used for differential conditioning, but in which the US was withheld ...
Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... firing rate and coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation of firing frequency/mean firing frequency ´ 100) were calculated from 200-500 successive APs using LabView (National Instr.). A digital frequency meter was used for calculation of the number of spikes within consecutive time intervals ...
... firing rate and coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation of firing frequency/mean firing frequency ´ 100) were calculated from 200-500 successive APs using LabView (National Instr.). A digital frequency meter was used for calculation of the number of spikes within consecutive time intervals ...
C3/D8 Due: 2/21/14 Chem 151 Caffeine: Your Friend for Sleepless
... sugar that binds to its associated receptors around the body. When adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is broken down in neurons for energy usage during wakeful hours, adenosine concentrations increase. The adenosine in the neurons is transported into the extracellular space where “A1 (adenosine) receptor ...
... sugar that binds to its associated receptors around the body. When adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is broken down in neurons for energy usage during wakeful hours, adenosine concentrations increase. The adenosine in the neurons is transported into the extracellular space where “A1 (adenosine) receptor ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... features to be transmitted to the skin. Control studies showed that the firing rates, response structures, and RFs of most area 3b neurons were unaffected by the latex intermediate (J. J. DiC arlo and K . O. Johnson, unpublished observations). RFs estimated in the same scanning direction with and wi ...
... features to be transmitted to the skin. Control studies showed that the firing rates, response structures, and RFs of most area 3b neurons were unaffected by the latex intermediate (J. J. DiC arlo and K . O. Johnson, unpublished observations). RFs estimated in the same scanning direction with and wi ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping inspiratory and expiratory motor patterns are distributed among three adjacent structural compartments in the ventrolateral medulla: the Bötzinger complex (BötC), pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC ...
... circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping inspiratory and expiratory motor patterns are distributed among three adjacent structural compartments in the ventrolateral medulla: the Bötzinger complex (BötC), pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... why mammalian neurons often have characteristically sharp onset in the somatic recordings of action potentials. Until recently, researchers debated on the causes of this so-called ‘kink’. We tested different hypotheses by means of computational modelling. We show that the Critical Resistive Coupling ...
... why mammalian neurons often have characteristically sharp onset in the somatic recordings of action potentials. Until recently, researchers debated on the causes of this so-called ‘kink’. We tested different hypotheses by means of computational modelling. We show that the Critical Resistive Coupling ...
- White Rose Research Online
... 97% of the cell population in rat, with GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons forming most of the remaining cell population. Despite their comparatively small number, the GABAergic fastspiking interneurons (FSIs) in particular exert a very strong influence on the MSNs [20–22], receive input from si ...
... 97% of the cell population in rat, with GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons forming most of the remaining cell population. Despite their comparatively small number, the GABAergic fastspiking interneurons (FSIs) in particular exert a very strong influence on the MSNs [20–22], receive input from si ...
Stimulus Dependence of Local Field Potential Spectra: Experiment
... The local field potential (LFP) captures different neural processes, including integrative synaptic dynamics that cannot be observed by measuring only the spiking activity of small populations. Therefore, investigating how LFP power is modulated by external stimuli can offer important insights into ...
... The local field potential (LFP) captures different neural processes, including integrative synaptic dynamics that cannot be observed by measuring only the spiking activity of small populations. Therefore, investigating how LFP power is modulated by external stimuli can offer important insights into ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... postrema (AP), a medullary structure known to influence autonomic processes in the central nervous system. In current-clamp recordings, focal application of 1µM PK2 reversibly influenced the excitability of the majority of dissociated AP cells tested, producing both depolarizations (38%) and hyperpo ...
... postrema (AP), a medullary structure known to influence autonomic processes in the central nervous system. In current-clamp recordings, focal application of 1µM PK2 reversibly influenced the excitability of the majority of dissociated AP cells tested, producing both depolarizations (38%) and hyperpo ...
computational and in vitro studies of persistent activity
... activity during a working memory trial. Neurons are disposed along a ring (y axis, upper and lower limits wrap together to form the ring) and they are mutually connected with strength modulated according to the distance on that ring, such that excitatory cells are more strongly coupled when they lie ...
... activity during a working memory trial. Neurons are disposed along a ring (y axis, upper and lower limits wrap together to form the ring) and they are mutually connected with strength modulated according to the distance on that ring, such that excitatory cells are more strongly coupled when they lie ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.