elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... 2002). In addition, four lineages simultaneously produce identical MB axons that get fasciculated together way before reaching the peduncle end, so distal parts of the peduncle as well as all the entire MB lobes are fourfold structures (Ito et al., 1997; Yang et al., 1995). In contrast with what is ...
... 2002). In addition, four lineages simultaneously produce identical MB axons that get fasciculated together way before reaching the peduncle end, so distal parts of the peduncle as well as all the entire MB lobes are fourfold structures (Ito et al., 1997; Yang et al., 1995). In contrast with what is ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... The histaminergic tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) controls arousal and attention and the firing of TMN neurons is state-dependent, active during waking, silent during sleep. Thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH) promotes arousal and combats sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Single-cell RT-PCR (scRT- ...
... The histaminergic tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) controls arousal and attention and the firing of TMN neurons is state-dependent, active during waking, silent during sleep. Thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH) promotes arousal and combats sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Single-cell RT-PCR (scRT- ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike t ...
... intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike t ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... experimentally-based neural models and network structures enable different types of information processing, such as goal-directed, top-down processing. Third, we consider how reinforcement learning arising from synaptic plasticity mechanisms can coexist with unsupervised learning during the operant ...
... experimentally-based neural models and network structures enable different types of information processing, such as goal-directed, top-down processing. Third, we consider how reinforcement learning arising from synaptic plasticity mechanisms can coexist with unsupervised learning during the operant ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... ally projecting neurons in standard slices. Finally, we target idenreturned to the incubation chamber. After 6 – 8 h incubation at ⬃32°C, tified commissural neurons in slice recordings to show that glyslices were either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histology or used for cinergic and GABAergic co ...
... ally projecting neurons in standard slices. Finally, we target idenreturned to the incubation chamber. After 6 – 8 h incubation at ⬃32°C, tified commissural neurons in slice recordings to show that glyslices were either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histology or used for cinergic and GABAergic co ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... GABA, receptor antagonist bicuculline and found that the deprived eye inputs were retained in area 17. Finally, both Frtgnac et al. (1988) and Greuel et al. (1988) found in acute preparations that synaptic effectiveness could be changed by pairing retinal stimulation with the ionophoretic applicatio ...
... GABA, receptor antagonist bicuculline and found that the deprived eye inputs were retained in area 17. Finally, both Frtgnac et al. (1988) and Greuel et al. (1988) found in acute preparations that synaptic effectiveness could be changed by pairing retinal stimulation with the ionophoretic applicatio ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types an ...
... through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types an ...
Kv4.2 mRNA Abundance and A-Type K Current Amplitude Are
... from Life Technologies (Grand Island, N Y). Preliminary experiments revealed that the efficiency of reverse transcription could vary by more than a factor of two in different enzyme lots. Therefore, all of the quantitative experiments presented here were done with the same enzyme lot. The single-cel ...
... from Life Technologies (Grand Island, N Y). Preliminary experiments revealed that the efficiency of reverse transcription could vary by more than a factor of two in different enzyme lots. Therefore, all of the quantitative experiments presented here were done with the same enzyme lot. The single-cel ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... variable latency and could sometimes evoke a single action potential in the recorded cell (Fig. 2 A). A second response observed in 37 (29%) of the GnRH neurons was attributable to the direct activation of their cell body or dendrite by the stimulating electrode. In this case, a very large current ( ...
... variable latency and could sometimes evoke a single action potential in the recorded cell (Fig. 2 A). A second response observed in 37 (29%) of the GnRH neurons was attributable to the direct activation of their cell body or dendrite by the stimulating electrode. In this case, a very large current ( ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... It should also be kept in mind that species differences in the parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas have been reported. In the mouse, parasympathetic axons provide input to both alpha and beta cells, while parasympathetic axons are rare in the human islets (64). The DMV, which contains pregan ...
... It should also be kept in mind that species differences in the parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas have been reported. In the mouse, parasympathetic axons provide input to both alpha and beta cells, while parasympathetic axons are rare in the human islets (64). The DMV, which contains pregan ...
Vesicle trafficking dynamics and visualization of zones of exocytosis
... Pollen tubes are one of the fastest growing eukaryotic cells. Rapid anisotropic growth is supported by highly active exocytosis and endocytosis at the plasma membrane, but the subcellular localization of these sites is unknown. To understand molecular processes involved in pollen tube growth, it is ...
... Pollen tubes are one of the fastest growing eukaryotic cells. Rapid anisotropic growth is supported by highly active exocytosis and endocytosis at the plasma membrane, but the subcellular localization of these sites is unknown. To understand molecular processes involved in pollen tube growth, it is ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... Otsuka, Takeshi, Takafumi Abe, Takahisa Tsukagawa, and WenJie Song. Conductance-based model of the voltage-dependent generation of a plateau potential in subthalamic neurons. J Neurophysiol 92: 255–264, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00508.2003. Because the subthalamic nucleus (STN) acts as a driving force of the ...
... Otsuka, Takeshi, Takafumi Abe, Takahisa Tsukagawa, and WenJie Song. Conductance-based model of the voltage-dependent generation of a plateau potential in subthalamic neurons. J Neurophysiol 92: 255–264, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00508.2003. Because the subthalamic nucleus (STN) acts as a driving force of the ...
the resonate-and-fire neuron: time dependent and frequency
... body corresponds to the metabollic center of a neuron, and it gives rise to two types of processes - the dendrites and the axon. The dendrites, commonly referred to as the dendritic tree, serve as the main apparatus through which a neuron receives input signals arising from other nerve cells, or pre ...
... body corresponds to the metabollic center of a neuron, and it gives rise to two types of processes - the dendrites and the axon. The dendrites, commonly referred to as the dendritic tree, serve as the main apparatus through which a neuron receives input signals arising from other nerve cells, or pre ...
in Primate STT Cells Differentially Modulate Brief
... 1997; Pin and Duvoisin 1995; Schoepp et al. 1999). It is not clear, however, whether group II and/or group III mGluRs actually couple to inhibition of neurotransmitter-induced cAMP increases in native systems. If so, agonists at these receptors may be useful in downregulating the enhanced responses ...
... 1997; Pin and Duvoisin 1995; Schoepp et al. 1999). It is not clear, however, whether group II and/or group III mGluRs actually couple to inhibition of neurotransmitter-induced cAMP increases in native systems. If so, agonists at these receptors may be useful in downregulating the enhanced responses ...
Functional Architecture in Lateral Line Afferent Neurons.
... Fig. 13.2 Older and younger afferent neurons in HuC:Kaede larvae can be individually labeled to reveal the location and number of neuromasts contacted. ai A large, older cell (red) is targeted for labeling in the ganglion (gray outline). Dorsal is the top of the image and anterior is to the left. ai ...
... Fig. 13.2 Older and younger afferent neurons in HuC:Kaede larvae can be individually labeled to reveal the location and number of neuromasts contacted. ai A large, older cell (red) is targeted for labeling in the ganglion (gray outline). Dorsal is the top of the image and anterior is to the left. ai ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.