A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... (9) SNr and EP maintain a tonic inhibitory output over their target structures in thalamus and brainstem. Selection of an action is then encoded by suppression of the appropriate neural population (output “channel”) in SNr/EP, resulting in selective disinhibition of basal ganglia output targets (Che ...
... (9) SNr and EP maintain a tonic inhibitory output over their target structures in thalamus and brainstem. Selection of an action is then encoded by suppression of the appropriate neural population (output “channel”) in SNr/EP, resulting in selective disinhibition of basal ganglia output targets (Che ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... analysis (n 5 3 pairs) illustrating a short latency inhibitory interaction between CEloff and CElon neurons in 9% of all recorded pairs. Dashed horizontal line indicates mean; dotted lines indicate 95% confidence interval. d, e, CElon and CEloff neurons send axon collaterals to CEm. Top: example int ...
... analysis (n 5 3 pairs) illustrating a short latency inhibitory interaction between CEloff and CElon neurons in 9% of all recorded pairs. Dashed horizontal line indicates mean; dotted lines indicate 95% confidence interval. d, e, CElon and CEloff neurons send axon collaterals to CEm. Top: example int ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechanism, it is also highly unstable and could drive neurons to become hyper-activated or silenced altogether. Suppose we have a hypothetical pre-synaptic neuron connected with a bunch of synapses to one ...
... and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechanism, it is also highly unstable and could drive neurons to become hyper-activated or silenced altogether. Suppose we have a hypothetical pre-synaptic neuron connected with a bunch of synapses to one ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... level of activity, which shifts, in response to correlated images, toward facilitation or suppression as a function of positional disparity. These neurons may operate in the neural processing leading to stereopsis, both coarse and fine, and also provide signals for the system controlling binocular v ...
... level of activity, which shifts, in response to correlated images, toward facilitation or suppression as a function of positional disparity. These neurons may operate in the neural processing leading to stereopsis, both coarse and fine, and also provide signals for the system controlling binocular v ...
- ORCA - Cardiff University
... a series of older, convergent results indicating that deletion of neurotrophin-3 (NT3), the TrkC ligand, leads to a significantly larger loss of sensory and sympathetic neurons in the PNS than the deletion of TrkC (Tessarollo et al., 1997). This phenotypic discrepancy fits well with the idea that in ...
... a series of older, convergent results indicating that deletion of neurotrophin-3 (NT3), the TrkC ligand, leads to a significantly larger loss of sensory and sympathetic neurons in the PNS than the deletion of TrkC (Tessarollo et al., 1997). This phenotypic discrepancy fits well with the idea that in ...
propofol alters vesicular transport in rat cortical neuronal cultures
... Fig. 1. Propofol induces retrograde vesicle movement and increase vesicular velocity in neurons. (A) A neuron in Ca2+-containing medium (CCM) is shown 5 minutes (time -5) before exposure to propofol in a differential interference contrast image, with the cell body to the left and a branched neurite ...
... Fig. 1. Propofol induces retrograde vesicle movement and increase vesicular velocity in neurons. (A) A neuron in Ca2+-containing medium (CCM) is shown 5 minutes (time -5) before exposure to propofol in a differential interference contrast image, with the cell body to the left and a branched neurite ...
Synaptic Integration of Olfactory Information in Mouse Anterior
... cohort of narrowly tuned mitral cells by odor mixtures is read out synaptically by neurons in higher-level olfactory structures, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), is mostly unknown. In the current study, we used intracellular and extracellular recordings to examine and compare responses ...
... cohort of narrowly tuned mitral cells by odor mixtures is read out synaptically by neurons in higher-level olfactory structures, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), is mostly unknown. In the current study, we used intracellular and extracellular recordings to examine and compare responses ...
Descriptions of Banbury Conference
... Ceman proposed a model of FMRP regulation in which FMRP enters the nucleus, there binds to mRNAs, is then phosphorylated, stopping any further RNA binding, and transports its bound mRNAs elsewhere in the cells. This model helps to explain the regulation of the varied and sometimes contradictory func ...
... Ceman proposed a model of FMRP regulation in which FMRP enters the nucleus, there binds to mRNAs, is then phosphorylated, stopping any further RNA binding, and transports its bound mRNAs elsewhere in the cells. This model helps to explain the regulation of the varied and sometimes contradictory func ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscles or gland cells), by synapses or gap junctions. They also extend processes. The molecular mechanisms controlling these basic properties are generally c ...
... and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscles or gland cells), by synapses or gap junctions. They also extend processes. The molecular mechanisms controlling these basic properties are generally c ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... is the use of computational models, which are based on experimental data, and if possible, generate predictions to test them. This type of interaction between experimental results and modeling efforts has been quite successful in the (still ongoing) exploration of the mechanisms of sleep oscillation ...
... is the use of computational models, which are based on experimental data, and if possible, generate predictions to test them. This type of interaction between experimental results and modeling efforts has been quite successful in the (still ongoing) exploration of the mechanisms of sleep oscillation ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... facilitated by the surround at low stimulus contrast, but suppressed by the same stimulus at higher contrast. Also, it seems that the very size of a neuron’s receptive field can change. If the stimuli are low contrast, the neuron’s receptive field will be larger than if the stimuli are high contrast ...
... facilitated by the surround at low stimulus contrast, but suppressed by the same stimulus at higher contrast. Also, it seems that the very size of a neuron’s receptive field can change. If the stimuli are low contrast, the neuron’s receptive field will be larger than if the stimuli are high contrast ...
My First PowerPoint Presentation
... • TAAR1 can form a heterodimer with D2R and this interaction may be important for downstream signaling and behavior both at the level of presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors • TAAR1 modulates glutamate NMDA receptor function in the prefrontal cortex and related ...
... • TAAR1 can form a heterodimer with D2R and this interaction may be important for downstream signaling and behavior both at the level of presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors • TAAR1 modulates glutamate NMDA receptor function in the prefrontal cortex and related ...
The Angelman syndrome ubiquitin ligase localizes to the synapse
... Given the presence of E6-AP:YFP in dendrites in vivo and at synapses in cultured neurons, we performed Golgi staining in WT and AS mice in order to examine dendritic spine morphology and density. Brains from adult WT and AS littermates were extracted and Golgi impregnated. Corresponding sections fro ...
... Given the presence of E6-AP:YFP in dendrites in vivo and at synapses in cultured neurons, we performed Golgi staining in WT and AS mice in order to examine dendritic spine morphology and density. Brains from adult WT and AS littermates were extracted and Golgi impregnated. Corresponding sections fro ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... main subcompartments: lip, collar, and basal ring. Kenyon cell axons form the two stalks of the pedunculus and branch halfway in the pedunculus to form the ␣-lobe and the -lobe, which are the main output regions of the MB (Schürmann, 1974). Each calycal subcompartment receives input from a certain ...
... main subcompartments: lip, collar, and basal ring. Kenyon cell axons form the two stalks of the pedunculus and branch halfway in the pedunculus to form the ␣-lobe and the -lobe, which are the main output regions of the MB (Schürmann, 1974). Each calycal subcompartment receives input from a certain ...
Module 13: The Endocrine System: Hormones and Receptors
... Activity D. Endocrine hormones and receptors. The hormones of the endocrine system fall into two major categories: lipid-soluble, and lipid-insoluble. The lipid soluble hormones like steroids and their derivatives can move freely across the cell membrane. All of the others cannot cross the membrane ...
... Activity D. Endocrine hormones and receptors. The hormones of the endocrine system fall into two major categories: lipid-soluble, and lipid-insoluble. The lipid soluble hormones like steroids and their derivatives can move freely across the cell membrane. All of the others cannot cross the membrane ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.