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Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
... The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
Newman and Zahs, J Neurosci., 18:4022-8, 1998.
... movie illustrating this experimental trial can be viewed at http://enlil.med.umn.edu / www/phsl/work/caw.htm#neuron. The majority of the neurons we monitored showed changes in their firing rate that were correlated with the arrival of glial Ca 21 waves. Modulation of the light-evoked responses of ne ...
... movie illustrating this experimental trial can be viewed at http://enlil.med.umn.edu / www/phsl/work/caw.htm#neuron. The majority of the neurons we monitored showed changes in their firing rate that were correlated with the arrival of glial Ca 21 waves. Modulation of the light-evoked responses of ne ...
Mechanics of Relaxation of the Human Heart
... healthy human heart (Fig. 2). Contraction and relaxation performances may be determined by LV volume at the onset of each phase and by inotropy/lusitropy, thus explaining the afterload independence of the contraction-relaxation cycle. This approach would integrate the regulatory role of myocardial l ...
... healthy human heart (Fig. 2). Contraction and relaxation performances may be determined by LV volume at the onset of each phase and by inotropy/lusitropy, thus explaining the afterload independence of the contraction-relaxation cycle. This approach would integrate the regulatory role of myocardial l ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... terminals to attenuate glutamate release (67, 135), while N/OFQ inhibits both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (135). Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate negatively regulates the presynaptic release of glutamate and GABA through group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (2) ...
... terminals to attenuate glutamate release (67, 135), while N/OFQ inhibits both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (135). Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate negatively regulates the presynaptic release of glutamate and GABA through group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (2) ...
Mice lacking synaptophysin reproduce and form typical synaptic
... 1987). These reagents have been valuable tools for the establishment of synaptophysin as a widely accepted marker for neuronal and neuroendocrine differentiation in tissue and tumor typing as it is an obligatory intrinsic membrane component of the abundant small (diameter between 30 and 50 nm) elect ...
... 1987). These reagents have been valuable tools for the establishment of synaptophysin as a widely accepted marker for neuronal and neuroendocrine differentiation in tissue and tumor typing as it is an obligatory intrinsic membrane component of the abundant small (diameter between 30 and 50 nm) elect ...
On real-world temporal pattern recognition using Liquid State
... input to output. In their basic form they are therefore unsuited for temporal pattern recognition. However, we can patch these techniques up by simply combining various stills into a bigger picture: an input window that hopefully contains enough information for detecting the desired pattern. Statist ...
... input to output. In their basic form they are therefore unsuited for temporal pattern recognition. However, we can patch these techniques up by simply combining various stills into a bigger picture: an input window that hopefully contains enough information for detecting the desired pattern. Statist ...
Electrical Signaling
... – ions are just atoms with a charge, – membrane potentials are established by ionic charges (electrochemical gradients), – changes in charge can affect membrane proteins such as channels, – other membrane channels allow for ions to flow down concentration gradients, creating a change that can affect ...
... – ions are just atoms with a charge, – membrane potentials are established by ionic charges (electrochemical gradients), – changes in charge can affect membrane proteins such as channels, – other membrane channels allow for ions to flow down concentration gradients, creating a change that can affect ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... situ reaction, a blue–purple precipitate was deposited in the cell body of positive neurons. This blue–purple precipitate was clearly absent from the nucleus, with little or no product found in dendritic processes. Immunolabeling using the DAB-peroxidase system resulted in the formation of a brown p ...
... situ reaction, a blue–purple precipitate was deposited in the cell body of positive neurons. This blue–purple precipitate was clearly absent from the nucleus, with little or no product found in dendritic processes. Immunolabeling using the DAB-peroxidase system resulted in the formation of a brown p ...
A Simple Biophysically Plausible Model for Long Time
... centration decays, but iCAN ðtÞ still slowly depolarizes the cell (bottom plot) and after it brings enough charge into the cell (Q1) an action potential is fired (top plot). During the action potential, inward calcium currents cause an increase in calcium concentration. The process repeats. Calcium ...
... centration decays, but iCAN ðtÞ still slowly depolarizes the cell (bottom plot) and after it brings enough charge into the cell (Q1) an action potential is fired (top plot). During the action potential, inward calcium currents cause an increase in calcium concentration. The process repeats. Calcium ...
Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe
... FIG. 1. Afferent organization of the cerebellar vestibulolateral lobe in goldfish. A and B: lateral view of the intact goldfish hindbrain and cerebellum in which the schematic diagram is drawn at the same scale to closely depict the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal locations of the major mid- and hindb ...
... FIG. 1. Afferent organization of the cerebellar vestibulolateral lobe in goldfish. A and B: lateral view of the intact goldfish hindbrain and cerebellum in which the schematic diagram is drawn at the same scale to closely depict the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal locations of the major mid- and hindb ...
reprint in PDF format
... among the receptors by sequence. It was constructed by selecting a single member of each receptor subfamily as representative and then producing a multiple sequence alignment based on their DBD sequences (for an alternative evolutionary comparison of the receptors, see Gronemeyer and Laudet, 1995). ...
... among the receptors by sequence. It was constructed by selecting a single member of each receptor subfamily as representative and then producing a multiple sequence alignment based on their DBD sequences (for an alternative evolutionary comparison of the receptors, see Gronemeyer and Laudet, 1995). ...
Death of developing neurons: New insights and implications for
... a series of older, convergent results indicating that deletion of neurotrophin-3 (NT3), the TrkC ligand, leads to a significantly larger loss of sensory and sympathetic neurons in the PNS than the deletion of TrkC (Tessarollo et al., 1997). This phenotypic discrepancy fits well with the idea that in ...
... a series of older, convergent results indicating that deletion of neurotrophin-3 (NT3), the TrkC ligand, leads to a significantly larger loss of sensory and sympathetic neurons in the PNS than the deletion of TrkC (Tessarollo et al., 1997). This phenotypic discrepancy fits well with the idea that in ...
I Know What You Are Doing: A - Università degli Studi di Parma
... What can be the functional role of mirror neurons? The hypothesis has been advanced that these neurons are part of a system that recognizes actions performed by others. This recognition is achieved by matching the observed action on neurons motorically coding the same action. By means of such a neur ...
... What can be the functional role of mirror neurons? The hypothesis has been advanced that these neurons are part of a system that recognizes actions performed by others. This recognition is achieved by matching the observed action on neurons motorically coding the same action. By means of such a neur ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralateral mPFC to label IT neurons. In both genotypes, IT ...
... neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralateral mPFC to label IT neurons. In both genotypes, IT ...
Differential GABAB Receptor Modulation of Ethanol Effects on
... that GABAA IPSCs evoked in the CA1 hippocampal stratum pyramidale (proximal) subfield are enhanced to a greater extent by ethanol than GABAA IPSCs evoked in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (distal) subfield (Weiner et al., 1997); however, the mechanisms that mediate the differential effect of ethan ...
... that GABAA IPSCs evoked in the CA1 hippocampal stratum pyramidale (proximal) subfield are enhanced to a greater extent by ethanol than GABAA IPSCs evoked in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (distal) subfield (Weiner et al., 1997); however, the mechanisms that mediate the differential effect of ethan ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... and humans appear to lack them (Moore and Osen 1979). Some work (Brown et al. 1988) suggests that only the thick MOC axons form cochlear nucleus branches. Other studies (Ryan et al. 1990; Horvath et al. 2000), however, suggest branches from LOC neurons. Perhaps these differences arise from differen ...
... and humans appear to lack them (Moore and Osen 1979). Some work (Brown et al. 1988) suggests that only the thick MOC axons form cochlear nucleus branches. Other studies (Ryan et al. 1990; Horvath et al. 2000), however, suggest branches from LOC neurons. Perhaps these differences arise from differen ...
Chapter 2 The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
... 8. The synaptic potential created in a distant dendritic branch would most likely be _____ when it arrived at the cell body. a. small c. average b. large d. it depends on where it occurred ANS: A ...
... 8. The synaptic potential created in a distant dendritic branch would most likely be _____ when it arrived at the cell body. a. small c. average b. large d. it depends on where it occurred ANS: A ...
Self-referential forces are sufficient to explain different dendritic
... about the influence of other environmental cues on neuronal shape and circuitry. Keywords: dendrite, morphology, simulation, growth cone, computational, model ...
... about the influence of other environmental cues on neuronal shape and circuitry. Keywords: dendrite, morphology, simulation, growth cone, computational, model ...
Matching tutor to student: rules and mechanisms for
... We considered a model for information transfer that is composed of three sub-circuits: a conductor, a student, and a tutor (see Fig. 1B). The conductor provides input to the student in the form of temporally precise patterns. The goal of learning is for the student to convert this input to a predefi ...
... We considered a model for information transfer that is composed of three sub-circuits: a conductor, a student, and a tutor (see Fig. 1B). The conductor provides input to the student in the form of temporally precise patterns. The goal of learning is for the student to convert this input to a predefi ...
Lysosomal biogenesis and function is critical for necrotic cell death
... Specific calpain and aspartyl proteases are implicated in the execution of necrotic cell death in both nematodes and mammals (Syntichaki et al., 2002; Yoshida et al., 2002), and the importance of calpain and aspartyl protease activation in acute cell injury and necrotic cell death triggered by calci ...
... Specific calpain and aspartyl proteases are implicated in the execution of necrotic cell death in both nematodes and mammals (Syntichaki et al., 2002; Yoshida et al., 2002), and the importance of calpain and aspartyl protease activation in acute cell injury and necrotic cell death triggered by calci ...
Chemical synapse
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg?width=300)
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.