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... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... Hubel, 1963a). In these animals, the two eyes were entirely normal, and neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN, see figure 1), the nucleus that is the major source of input to visual cortex, appeared to be nearly normal. The geniculate neurons in the layer driven by the deprived eye responde ...
... Hubel, 1963a). In these animals, the two eyes were entirely normal, and neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN, see figure 1), the nucleus that is the major source of input to visual cortex, appeared to be nearly normal. The geniculate neurons in the layer driven by the deprived eye responde ...
The Role of Histamine H1 , H2 and H3 Receptors on Enteric
... in these conditions does not inhibit the contraction produced by exogenous bradykinin (Ambache and Aboo Zar, 1970) is unlikely to inhibit directly the muscle. Thus the inhibitory action is likely to be via enteric neurons. A third class of histamine receptors has been identified. Histamine H3 recept ...
... in these conditions does not inhibit the contraction produced by exogenous bradykinin (Ambache and Aboo Zar, 1970) is unlikely to inhibit directly the muscle. Thus the inhibitory action is likely to be via enteric neurons. A third class of histamine receptors has been identified. Histamine H3 recept ...
Activation of Substantia Nigra Neurons
... Nigral neurons of kindled rats exhibited a striking change in firing pattern during AD. These cells fired in bursts of action potentials with the bursts temporally correlated to waveforms recorded in the EEG (Fig. 2). This change in firing pattern was found in both SNPR and SN dopamine neurons. The ...
... Nigral neurons of kindled rats exhibited a striking change in firing pattern during AD. These cells fired in bursts of action potentials with the bursts temporally correlated to waveforms recorded in the EEG (Fig. 2). This change in firing pattern was found in both SNPR and SN dopamine neurons. The ...
INVITED SUBMISSION FOR PERSPECTIVE (Revised)
... effect on integrin inactivation (Tan et al., 2012). In other words, the presence of kindlin-1 in DRG neurons allows injured axons to overcome CSPG inhibitions resulting in axon regeneration due to the integrin receptors being less susceptible to CSPG-mediated inactivation. The findings from the kind ...
... effect on integrin inactivation (Tan et al., 2012). In other words, the presence of kindlin-1 in DRG neurons allows injured axons to overcome CSPG inhibitions resulting in axon regeneration due to the integrin receptors being less susceptible to CSPG-mediated inactivation. The findings from the kind ...
Identification and modelling of fast and slow Ih current components
... that this algorithm is able to identify the parameters of two populations of non-inactivated ionic channels more accurately than a classical method. Moreover, the algorithm was demonstrated to be insensitive to the key parameter variations. We then applied this algorithm to Ih current recordings fro ...
... that this algorithm is able to identify the parameters of two populations of non-inactivated ionic channels more accurately than a classical method. Moreover, the algorithm was demonstrated to be insensitive to the key parameter variations. We then applied this algorithm to Ih current recordings fro ...
(Full text - MSWord file 171K)
... elicit an action. However, the mechanism ensuring the selection of only one action at a given time depends on the interaction between the direct and indirect pathways connecting the striatum to the basal ganglia output nuclei and on a winner-take-all rule at the cortical level. In this model DA affe ...
... elicit an action. However, the mechanism ensuring the selection of only one action at a given time depends on the interaction between the direct and indirect pathways connecting the striatum to the basal ganglia output nuclei and on a winner-take-all rule at the cortical level. In this model DA affe ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.008 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 2Netherlands ...
... http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.008 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 2Netherlands ...
The Control of Rate and Timing of Spikes in the Deep Cerebellar
... Gex ⫹ Ein * Gin) / (Gex ⫹ Gin). The membrane potential trajectory (Fig. 1 B, black trace) followed fluctuations in Vsyn quite well. These fluctuations reflect the changing amplitude of the inhibitory conductance. During depolarizing membrane potential fluctuations, action potentials could be generat ...
... Gex ⫹ Ein * Gin) / (Gex ⫹ Gin). The membrane potential trajectory (Fig. 1 B, black trace) followed fluctuations in Vsyn quite well. These fluctuations reflect the changing amplitude of the inhibitory conductance. During depolarizing membrane potential fluctuations, action potentials could be generat ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... in transforming visual inputs to extract contrast, motion, and color information and in shaping bipolar-toganglion cell transmission to the brain. In Drosophila, UV vision is represented by R7 inner photoreceptor neurons that project to the medulla M6 stratum, with relatively little known of this do ...
... in transforming visual inputs to extract contrast, motion, and color information and in shaping bipolar-toganglion cell transmission to the brain. In Drosophila, UV vision is represented by R7 inner photoreceptor neurons that project to the medulla M6 stratum, with relatively little known of this do ...
here - University of California San Diego
... Increased synaptic connectivity due to sensory axon plasticity. Using our conditioning lesion paradigm by injecting trace amount of EtBr, proprioceptive axon plasticity is greatly increased, resulting in greater extent of regeneration than sciatic nerve crush (manuscript in press, 10.1016/j.expneuro ...
... Increased synaptic connectivity due to sensory axon plasticity. Using our conditioning lesion paradigm by injecting trace amount of EtBr, proprioceptive axon plasticity is greatly increased, resulting in greater extent of regeneration than sciatic nerve crush (manuscript in press, 10.1016/j.expneuro ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... in expression and demonstrated the specificity of the antisera. Kal-7 is first detectable 2 weeks after birth, with levels increasing from P14 to P60; levels of Kal-12 decrease gradually from P1 to P30 (Fig. Figure 1. Developmental changes in Kalirin expression. A, Kalirin probes and antibodies. Kal ...
... in expression and demonstrated the specificity of the antisera. Kal-7 is first detectable 2 weeks after birth, with levels increasing from P14 to P60; levels of Kal-12 decrease gradually from P1 to P30 (Fig. Figure 1. Developmental changes in Kalirin expression. A, Kalirin probes and antibodies. Kal ...
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction
... the observation that much drug taking, including late relapses, follows exposure to cues previously associated with drug use (Wikler & Pescor 1967, Tiffany 1990, O’Brien et al. 1998). Such drug-associated cues can include external sensory stimuli (e.g., persons, drug paraphernalia, places where drug ...
... the observation that much drug taking, including late relapses, follows exposure to cues previously associated with drug use (Wikler & Pescor 1967, Tiffany 1990, O’Brien et al. 1998). Such drug-associated cues can include external sensory stimuli (e.g., persons, drug paraphernalia, places where drug ...
Continuous attractor network models of grid cell firing based on
... prospective bias in their code for location (Kropff et al. 2015). There are two major populations of excitatory cells in this layer. Neurons positive for the marker reelin have stellate morphology and project to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (Klink & Alonso, 1997; Varga et al. 2010), while ne ...
... prospective bias in their code for location (Kropff et al. 2015). There are two major populations of excitatory cells in this layer. Neurons positive for the marker reelin have stellate morphology and project to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (Klink & Alonso, 1997; Varga et al. 2010), while ne ...
A model for experience-dependent changes in the responses of inferotemporal neurons
... neurons exhibited no change or infrequently increased. The response to initially novel stimuli reached a stable level after about six to eight trials and responses to already familiar stimuli did not change significantly. Unlike what would be predicted if nonspecific neuronal fatigue were the cause ...
... neurons exhibited no change or infrequently increased. The response to initially novel stimuli reached a stable level after about six to eight trials and responses to already familiar stimuli did not change significantly. Unlike what would be predicted if nonspecific neuronal fatigue were the cause ...
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
... special receivers can get those signals. Your endocrine system’s chemical signals are carried by the bloodstream throughout the body, and only cells with certain receptors can receive the signals. Think of your nervous system being like cable television. A physical wire connects your television to t ...
... special receivers can get those signals. Your endocrine system’s chemical signals are carried by the bloodstream throughout the body, and only cells with certain receptors can receive the signals. Think of your nervous system being like cable television. A physical wire connects your television to t ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... pathways which contribute to discriminative vs. reflexive behavior) or those serving different functions within the same pathway (e.g. excitatory vs. inhibitory; projection neuron vs. interneuron). The transfer function of an individual rNST neuron is a consequence of its cellular properties and sur ...
... pathways which contribute to discriminative vs. reflexive behavior) or those serving different functions within the same pathway (e.g. excitatory vs. inhibitory; projection neuron vs. interneuron). The transfer function of an individual rNST neuron is a consequence of its cellular properties and sur ...
Horvitz, J.C. Stimulus-response and response
... projections to both VTA and SN DA cells [34,59,92], and which respond to the presentation of non-reward-related visual target stimuli (interspersed with reward-related target trials) approximately 40 ms prior to the onset of the DA inhibitory response to salient non-reward stimuli [83,92]. The rapid ...
... projections to both VTA and SN DA cells [34,59,92], and which respond to the presentation of non-reward-related visual target stimuli (interspersed with reward-related target trials) approximately 40 ms prior to the onset of the DA inhibitory response to salient non-reward stimuli [83,92]. The rapid ...
Chemical synapse
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg?width=300)
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.