State-Dependent TMS Reveals a Hierarchical
... that action understanding takes place in the ventral part of the dorsal stream (Rizzolatti and Matelli 2003), others claim that actions are fully recognized and categorized outside the motor system, in the ventral stream (Mahon and Caramazza 2008). In order to further investigate the relative contri ...
... that action understanding takes place in the ventral part of the dorsal stream (Rizzolatti and Matelli 2003), others claim that actions are fully recognized and categorized outside the motor system, in the ventral stream (Mahon and Caramazza 2008). In order to further investigate the relative contri ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... death following receptor binding and activation, as these events are covered by many excellent recent reviews (Miller and Kaplan, 2001; Airaksinen and Saarma, 2002; Hempstead, 2002). I will choose examples from well characterized experimental systems, especially in the peripheral nervous system (PNS ...
... death following receptor binding and activation, as these events are covered by many excellent recent reviews (Miller and Kaplan, 2001; Airaksinen and Saarma, 2002; Hempstead, 2002). I will choose examples from well characterized experimental systems, especially in the peripheral nervous system (PNS ...
Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates
... peripheral sensory ganglia, visceral arches, and head skeleton. The craniate sister taxon, cephalochordates, has rostral portions of the neuraxis that are homologous to some of the major divisions of craniate brains. Moreover, recent data indicate that many genes involved in patterning the nervous s ...
... peripheral sensory ganglia, visceral arches, and head skeleton. The craniate sister taxon, cephalochordates, has rostral portions of the neuraxis that are homologous to some of the major divisions of craniate brains. Moreover, recent data indicate that many genes involved in patterning the nervous s ...
Selectivity and sparseness in the responses of striate complex cells
... were based on the overall shape of the response probability distribution, as quantified by either kurtosis or entropy. We call this non-parametric selectivity, in contrast to parametric selectivity, which measures tuning curve bandwidths. To examine how receptive field properties affected non-parametri ...
... were based on the overall shape of the response probability distribution, as quantified by either kurtosis or entropy. We call this non-parametric selectivity, in contrast to parametric selectivity, which measures tuning curve bandwidths. To examine how receptive field properties affected non-parametri ...
Structural changes of the human superior cervical
... Fig. 3. TUNEL-positive cells of the human superior cervical ganglion in the old control (a, c) and in the old stroke groups (b, d) Diffusely distributed TUNEL-positive neurons (open arrowheads) and TUNEL-negative neurons among them were detected in the old control group (a). The boxed area (a) is en ...
... Fig. 3. TUNEL-positive cells of the human superior cervical ganglion in the old control (a, c) and in the old stroke groups (b, d) Diffusely distributed TUNEL-positive neurons (open arrowheads) and TUNEL-negative neurons among them were detected in the old control group (a). The boxed area (a) is en ...
Subconscious Stimulus Recognition and Processing During
... the waking state. In this mode, nerve impulses arriving from peripheral sense organs produce excitatory postsynaptic potentials, which are able to easily pass the low-level threshold of the cells firing in the tonic mode, thereby generating outgoing nerve impulses that are transmitted to the cortica ...
... the waking state. In this mode, nerve impulses arriving from peripheral sense organs produce excitatory postsynaptic potentials, which are able to easily pass the low-level threshold of the cells firing in the tonic mode, thereby generating outgoing nerve impulses that are transmitted to the cortica ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... positive reward prediction error (when a reward outcome is larger than expected) (Schultz, 2013), do not provide the answer to how non-reward is computed for a number of reasons (Rolls, 2014). First, they may reflect only weakly any nonreward, by having somewhat reduced firing rates below their alre ...
... positive reward prediction error (when a reward outcome is larger than expected) (Schultz, 2013), do not provide the answer to how non-reward is computed for a number of reasons (Rolls, 2014). First, they may reflect only weakly any nonreward, by having somewhat reduced firing rates below their alre ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... patterns used in the DMS trials and the visual cues. Some response properties such as DMS pattern-related stimulus selectivity were similar. However, TE and perirhinal neurons also show strikingly different response properties. The latency distribution of perirhinal responses is centered 66 ms later ...
... patterns used in the DMS trials and the visual cues. Some response properties such as DMS pattern-related stimulus selectivity were similar. However, TE and perirhinal neurons also show strikingly different response properties. The latency distribution of perirhinal responses is centered 66 ms later ...
Visual Motion-Detection Circuits in Flies: Small
... in flies, beetles, moths, and locusts. With few exceptions (Torre and Poggio, 1978; Franceschini et al., 1989; Strausfeld and Lee, 1991), inputs to motion-sensitive tangential neurons are represented schematically by ensembles of Hassenstein and Reichardt elementary motion detectors (EMDs; Hausen an ...
... in flies, beetles, moths, and locusts. With few exceptions (Torre and Poggio, 1978; Franceschini et al., 1989; Strausfeld and Lee, 1991), inputs to motion-sensitive tangential neurons are represented schematically by ensembles of Hassenstein and Reichardt elementary motion detectors (EMDs; Hausen an ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... produced activation of a population of cells in close proximity to the recording electrode, as indicated by the observed negative field potentials. Stimulation of these positions also activated the single neuron, as indicated by a driven spike on the leading edge of the negative field potential. Suc ...
... produced activation of a population of cells in close proximity to the recording electrode, as indicated by the observed negative field potentials. Stimulation of these positions also activated the single neuron, as indicated by a driven spike on the leading edge of the negative field potential. Suc ...
Chapter 20
... iii. autonomic motor neurons 3. The ANS is regulated by centers in the brain, primarily the hypothalamus and brain stem. B. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems (p. 633) 1. In the somatic nervous system: i. sensory neurons transmit information from receptors for the special senses and ...
... iii. autonomic motor neurons 3. The ANS is regulated by centers in the brain, primarily the hypothalamus and brain stem. B. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems (p. 633) 1. In the somatic nervous system: i. sensory neurons transmit information from receptors for the special senses and ...
A Monosynaptic GABAergic Input from the Inferior Colliculus to the
... neurons of the medial geniculate body (MGB) in the rat. Although there is little evidence for such a projection in other sensory thalamic nuclei, a GABAergic, ascending auditory projection was reported recently in the cat. In the present study, immunohistochemical and tract-tracing methods were used ...
... neurons of the medial geniculate body (MGB) in the rat. Although there is little evidence for such a projection in other sensory thalamic nuclei, a GABAergic, ascending auditory projection was reported recently in the cat. In the present study, immunohistochemical and tract-tracing methods were used ...
A neuronal network model of primary visual cortex explains spatial
... The spatial coupling coefficients a j−k , bj−k are each Gaussian functions of cortical distance between cells j, k. The Gaussian length scales for excitation and inhibition are 200 and 100 μm, respectively, derived from neuroanatomical measurements as in McLaughlin et al. (2000). In our network, we ...
... The spatial coupling coefficients a j−k , bj−k are each Gaussian functions of cortical distance between cells j, k. The Gaussian length scales for excitation and inhibition are 200 and 100 μm, respectively, derived from neuroanatomical measurements as in McLaughlin et al. (2000). In our network, we ...
Neural representation of object orientation: A dissociation between
... How is object orientation represented in the brain? Behavioral error patterns reveal systematic tendencies to confuse certain orientations with one another. Using fMRI, we asked whether more confusable orientations are represented more similarly in object selective cortex (LOC). We compared two wide ...
... How is object orientation represented in the brain? Behavioral error patterns reveal systematic tendencies to confuse certain orientations with one another. Using fMRI, we asked whether more confusable orientations are represented more similarly in object selective cortex (LOC). We compared two wide ...
PDF
... horizontal organization of the neocortex, it should be noted that the neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas (Rakic, 1988; Rash and Grove, 2006; O’Leary and Sahara, 2008). The emergence of laminar-dependent patterns of functional neocortic ...
... horizontal organization of the neocortex, it should be noted that the neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas (Rakic, 1988; Rash and Grove, 2006; O’Leary and Sahara, 2008). The emergence of laminar-dependent patterns of functional neocortic ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... Using 2PCI, in Chapter 2 I provided a first look into how local networks of neurons in the AC are organized and activated in response to auditory stimuli. Our data showed that while previously reported large-scale organizational principles do exist, local populations of neurons in the auditory corte ...
... Using 2PCI, in Chapter 2 I provided a first look into how local networks of neurons in the AC are organized and activated in response to auditory stimuli. Our data showed that while previously reported large-scale organizational principles do exist, local populations of neurons in the auditory corte ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... refractory time has been included. The solid line represents the probability density function of the exponential distribution when scaled to fit the normalized histogram of the spike train. Note hat the discrepancy for small interspike intervals is due to the inclusion of a refractory time. ...
... refractory time has been included. The solid line represents the probability density function of the exponential distribution when scaled to fit the normalized histogram of the spike train. Note hat the discrepancy for small interspike intervals is due to the inclusion of a refractory time. ...
Reflexes Reaction time
... one motor neuron; monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse) – peripheral muscle reflexes or deep tendon reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex): brief stimulation of the muscle spindle results in contraction of the muscle ...
... one motor neuron; monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse) – peripheral muscle reflexes or deep tendon reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex): brief stimulation of the muscle spindle results in contraction of the muscle ...
Aging reduces total neuron number in the dorsal component of the
... Hopkins University vivarium until they were 24 months old. For euthanasia, rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and perfused transcardially with sterile saline, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). After 24 hours of postfixation at 4 C, brains were moved into 10% glycerol ...
... Hopkins University vivarium until they were 24 months old. For euthanasia, rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and perfused transcardially with sterile saline, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). After 24 hours of postfixation at 4 C, brains were moved into 10% glycerol ...
UNRAVELING THE SENSE OF SMELL
... chemicals as having a distinct odor. All of these “odorants” are small, volatile molecules. However, they have diverse structures and somehow those different structures are perceived as having different odors (Figure 1). The sense of smell is mediated by the olfactory system, a system that is charac ...
... chemicals as having a distinct odor. All of these “odorants” are small, volatile molecules. However, they have diverse structures and somehow those different structures are perceived as having different odors (Figure 1). The sense of smell is mediated by the olfactory system, a system that is charac ...
Reelin and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 in the embryonic and mature
... Expression of reelin in the CR cells of mammalian brain ceases shortly after birth and is replaced by expression at a subset of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons in the cortex and hippocampus. Reelin secreted at these sites takes on a new role in association with a group of proteins cluster ...
... Expression of reelin in the CR cells of mammalian brain ceases shortly after birth and is replaced by expression at a subset of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons in the cortex and hippocampus. Reelin secreted at these sites takes on a new role in association with a group of proteins cluster ...
Prediction of Subjective Affective State From Brain Activations
... Techniques have been developed to enable the information provided by populations of simultaneously recorded neurons to be analyzed (Aggelopoulos et al. 2005; Franco et al. 2004; Rolls et al. 1997a), and in this section, we extend these techniques to the analysis of functional imaging data. These tec ...
... Techniques have been developed to enable the information provided by populations of simultaneously recorded neurons to be analyzed (Aggelopoulos et al. 2005; Franco et al. 2004; Rolls et al. 1997a), and in this section, we extend these techniques to the analysis of functional imaging data. These tec ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... neurons were nearly always restricted to the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experim ...
... neurons were nearly always restricted to the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experim ...