Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
The Dorsal Visual System Predicts Future and Remembers Past Eye
... tonic eye-position-related activity during fixation. In addition, they showed a variety of transient changes in activity around the time of saccades, including relative suppression, enhancement, and pre-saccadic bursts for one saccade direction over another. We show that a hypothetical neuron that p ...
... tonic eye-position-related activity during fixation. In addition, they showed a variety of transient changes in activity around the time of saccades, including relative suppression, enhancement, and pre-saccadic bursts for one saccade direction over another. We show that a hypothetical neuron that p ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... When crustaceans swim forward by beating their swimmerets, each limb moves rhythmically through cycles of power strokes and return strokes that propel the animal forward. These movements are produced by alternating contractions of power-stroke (PS) and return-stroke (RS) muscles that are innervated ...
... When crustaceans swim forward by beating their swimmerets, each limb moves rhythmically through cycles of power strokes and return strokes that propel the animal forward. These movements are produced by alternating contractions of power-stroke (PS) and return-stroke (RS) muscles that are innervated ...
Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of
... © 2006 Zhao et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original wor ...
... © 2006 Zhao et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original wor ...
NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY SYSTEMS
... 3.3 ADDITIVE ACTIVATION MODELS Define additive activation model n+p coupled first-order differential equations defines the additive activation model ...
... 3.3 ADDITIVE ACTIVATION MODELS Define additive activation model n+p coupled first-order differential equations defines the additive activation model ...
Integration of Visual and Auditory Information by Superior Temporal
... interaction with objects (e.g., tearing, hitting, or manipulating). Although the addition of auditory information normally associated with the sight of an action can help us interpret and understand that action better (Dodd, 1977), the addition of auditory information incongruent with the visual inf ...
... interaction with objects (e.g., tearing, hitting, or manipulating). Although the addition of auditory information normally associated with the sight of an action can help us interpret and understand that action better (Dodd, 1977), the addition of auditory information incongruent with the visual inf ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... and then every 20 min. Electrical GON stimulation consisted of trains of 20 stimuli (0.5±1 Hz) starting at least 30 min prior to any conditioning stimulus. Responses to electrical stimulation were analysed using post-stimulus histograms separated for A-®bre and, if present, C-®bre responses. To comp ...
... and then every 20 min. Electrical GON stimulation consisted of trains of 20 stimuli (0.5±1 Hz) starting at least 30 min prior to any conditioning stimulus. Responses to electrical stimulation were analysed using post-stimulus histograms separated for A-®bre and, if present, C-®bre responses. To comp ...
Minireview Embarrassed, but Not Depressed: Eye Opening Lessons
... bidirectional plasticity. Given what is already known, we can be wrong by at most a factor of two! • Temporal conjunction for plasticity. Behaviorally based studies agree that in order to support learning, LTD should be maximal when parallel fiber activity occurs at least 100 ms before a complex spi ...
... bidirectional plasticity. Given what is already known, we can be wrong by at most a factor of two! • Temporal conjunction for plasticity. Behaviorally based studies agree that in order to support learning, LTD should be maximal when parallel fiber activity occurs at least 100 ms before a complex spi ...
The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy. By
... Primary areas occupy less cortical areas. Most human neocortex is association area. Association cortex is divided into two broad types: Unimodal association areas: Areas adjacent to a primary area: to elaborate primary area data. ‐‐ 18, 19: vi ...
... Primary areas occupy less cortical areas. Most human neocortex is association area. Association cortex is divided into two broad types: Unimodal association areas: Areas adjacent to a primary area: to elaborate primary area data. ‐‐ 18, 19: vi ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... tracheal cannula with a respirator. End-tidal CO2, rectal temperature and arterial blood pressure were monitored continuously; arterial PO2, PCO2 and pH were measured periodically. These parameters were maintained within normal limits. Prior to decerebration, an anaesthetic assessment was performed, ...
... tracheal cannula with a respirator. End-tidal CO2, rectal temperature and arterial blood pressure were monitored continuously; arterial PO2, PCO2 and pH were measured periodically. These parameters were maintained within normal limits. Prior to decerebration, an anaesthetic assessment was performed, ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion
... direction-selective. MT, in turn, projects to the medial superior temporal area (MST), which contains directioncylinders, we have also demonstrated selective cells as well as cells (primarily in the dorsal portion, MSTd) tuned for complex motion patterns such as that MT is involved in the depth orde ...
... direction-selective. MT, in turn, projects to the medial superior temporal area (MST), which contains directioncylinders, we have also demonstrated selective cells as well as cells (primarily in the dorsal portion, MSTd) tuned for complex motion patterns such as that MT is involved in the depth orde ...
Form representation in monkey inferotemporal cortex is virtually
... activity in the inferotemporal cerebral cortex (IT)1,2, but most studies of IT neuronal responses have been done under restricted viewing and task conditions. Typically, non-human primates stare at a fixation point while isolated stimuli are flashed on the retina, often in a task that does not requi ...
... activity in the inferotemporal cerebral cortex (IT)1,2, but most studies of IT neuronal responses have been done under restricted viewing and task conditions. Typically, non-human primates stare at a fixation point while isolated stimuli are flashed on the retina, often in a task that does not requi ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... of computational modeling it was shown that the whole figure pops-out instantaneously and no filling-in process of the figural region takes place. Therefore, the model data also fit the idea of two independent mechanisms for local border and surface detection. Lamme showed onset latencies for figure ...
... of computational modeling it was shown that the whole figure pops-out instantaneously and no filling-in process of the figural region takes place. Therefore, the model data also fit the idea of two independent mechanisms for local border and surface detection. Lamme showed onset latencies for figure ...
Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism
... also requires a remapping of sorts between brain areas. To imitate the mother’s or father’s words, the child’s brain must transform auditory signals in the hearing centers of the brain’s temporal lobes into verbal output from the motor cortex. Whether mirror neurons are directly involved in this ski ...
... also requires a remapping of sorts between brain areas. To imitate the mother’s or father’s words, the child’s brain must transform auditory signals in the hearing centers of the brain’s temporal lobes into verbal output from the motor cortex. Whether mirror neurons are directly involved in this ski ...
Purves ch. 8 + Kandel ch. 23 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... stretching produced by digit or limb movements. They account for about 20% of the receptors in the human hand and do not elicit any particular tactile sensation when stimulated electrically. Although there is still some question as to their function, they probably respond primarily to internally gen ...
... stretching produced by digit or limb movements. They account for about 20% of the receptors in the human hand and do not elicit any particular tactile sensation when stimulated electrically. Although there is still some question as to their function, they probably respond primarily to internally gen ...
Alterations to multisensory and unisensory integration by stimulus
... and within-modal blocks. Figure 1 illustrates the difference between simple and competing stimulus configurations. An interstimulus interval of 5– 6.5 s was used to minimize habituation. Data acquisition and analysis. Custom software was used to acquire raw data waveforms and impulses from single ne ...
... and within-modal blocks. Figure 1 illustrates the difference between simple and competing stimulus configurations. An interstimulus interval of 5– 6.5 s was used to minimize habituation. Data acquisition and analysis. Custom software was used to acquire raw data waveforms and impulses from single ne ...
Proceedings - Neuroscience Meetings
... Summary. Single episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole led to slowly developing memory impairments in rats, accompanied by elimination of excessive newly generated young cells which were born in the hippocampus soon after the seizures and transient activation of m ...
... Summary. Single episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole led to slowly developing memory impairments in rats, accompanied by elimination of excessive newly generated young cells which were born in the hippocampus soon after the seizures and transient activation of m ...
Autonomic Nervous System I and II
... An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or Sympathetic chains or An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or An axon may pass through the sy ...
... An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or Sympathetic chains or An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or An axon may pass through the sy ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. ...
... cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... Devices) and Ephus software (www.ephus.org) (Suter et al., 2010) on a custom-built laser-scanning photostimulation microscope (Shepherd et al., 2003). During sCRACM mapping, neurons were held at ⫺70 mV. A blue laser (473 nm, CrystaLaser) was controlled via scan mirrors (Cambridge Technology). Light ...
... Devices) and Ephus software (www.ephus.org) (Suter et al., 2010) on a custom-built laser-scanning photostimulation microscope (Shepherd et al., 2003). During sCRACM mapping, neurons were held at ⫺70 mV. A blue laser (473 nm, CrystaLaser) was controlled via scan mirrors (Cambridge Technology). Light ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... 2DG. Contribution of astrocyte activity to neuronal activity during glucoprivation was evaluated in the presence of 2DG preceded by FC. The effect of astrocyte input on NST or DMN activity, in general, was also evaluated in the presence of FC alone (Fig. 3). Statistical comparisons of either basal F ...
... 2DG. Contribution of astrocyte activity to neuronal activity during glucoprivation was evaluated in the presence of 2DG preceded by FC. The effect of astrocyte input on NST or DMN activity, in general, was also evaluated in the presence of FC alone (Fig. 3). Statistical comparisons of either basal F ...
Biomechanics Models Motor Cortex Using Spinal Cord and Limb
... Kakei et al. 1999) and that different populations in M1 represent different motor control signals and therefore cannot be uniformly interpreted. However, physiology provides evidence that some M1 neurons are highly correlated with muscle activity (e.g., Fetz and Cheney 1980; Morrow and Miller 2003). ...
... Kakei et al. 1999) and that different populations in M1 represent different motor control signals and therefore cannot be uniformly interpreted. However, physiology provides evidence that some M1 neurons are highly correlated with muscle activity (e.g., Fetz and Cheney 1980; Morrow and Miller 2003). ...
Primate Red Nucleus Discharge Encodes the Dynamics of Limb
... Similar information can be obtained by calculating the cross-correlation between RNm discharge rate and kinematic signals, which avoids the subjective nature of hand measurement. Figure 2C shows the cross-correlation for the entire 100-s length of the data file, between discharge rate and negative h ...
... Similar information can be obtained by calculating the cross-correlation between RNm discharge rate and kinematic signals, which avoids the subjective nature of hand measurement. Figure 2C shows the cross-correlation for the entire 100-s length of the data file, between discharge rate and negative h ...