A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... neurons were nearly always restricted to the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experim ...
... neurons were nearly always restricted to the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experim ...
The Neural Fate of Consciously Perceived and Missed Events in the
... leading them to classify trials for which they were uncertain about the presence of a scene as Miss. Since this bias is not reflected in the activity of the frontal cortex, where decision making is thought to be more prevalent than in visual cortex (Gold and Shadlen, 2001; Schall, 2001), it is unlik ...
... leading them to classify trials for which they were uncertain about the presence of a scene as Miss. Since this bias is not reflected in the activity of the frontal cortex, where decision making is thought to be more prevalent than in visual cortex (Gold and Shadlen, 2001; Schall, 2001), it is unlik ...
Studies of the Role of the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation
... of pontine cells with saccade-related and eye-position–related activity.9–12 However, untrained subjects were used in early experiments, and the range of saccade directions and amplitude generated while the activity of a cell was being studied was not under experimental control. Also, the stability, ...
... of pontine cells with saccade-related and eye-position–related activity.9–12 However, untrained subjects were used in early experiments, and the range of saccade directions and amplitude generated while the activity of a cell was being studied was not under experimental control. Also, the stability, ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... different complements of transcription factors, and ultimately serve different functions. The complexity and diversity of projection neuron subtypes makes any classification scheme difficult, but the most accurate system probably extends beyond hodology (anatomical projections) ...
... different complements of transcription factors, and ultimately serve different functions. The complexity and diversity of projection neuron subtypes makes any classification scheme difficult, but the most accurate system probably extends beyond hodology (anatomical projections) ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... This definition helps to exclude saccades that result in short fixation durations during which the animal is clearly aware that the item he is fixating is not the reward loaded target. Fixations with durations of ⬎500 ms were completely informative; if the monkey was looking at a potential target an ...
... This definition helps to exclude saccades that result in short fixation durations during which the animal is clearly aware that the item he is fixating is not the reward loaded target. Fixations with durations of ⬎500 ms were completely informative; if the monkey was looking at a potential target an ...
Dynamical systems view
... An epic, twenty-year battle was fought over the cortical representation of movement. Do motor cortex neurons represent the direction of the hand during reaching, or do they represent other features of movement such as joint rotation or muscle output? Graziano 2011 The role of the motor system is to ...
... An epic, twenty-year battle was fought over the cortical representation of movement. Do motor cortex neurons represent the direction of the hand during reaching, or do they represent other features of movement such as joint rotation or muscle output? Graziano 2011 The role of the motor system is to ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Hormonal and transynaptic regulation. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but also from extrahypothalamic areas including the amygdaloid body, hippocampus and v ...
... Hormonal and transynaptic regulation. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but also from extrahypothalamic areas including the amygdaloid body, hippocampus and v ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
... f used grains (Dörmer, 1967; Rogers, 1967; Dörmer and Brinkmann, 1968; Dörmer and Möller, 1968; Sidman, 1970). This is illustrated for individual neurons in different layers of parietal area 3 after injection on E14.5 (Fig. 1). The background level has been estimated by calculating the density o ...
... f used grains (Dörmer, 1967; Rogers, 1967; Dörmer and Brinkmann, 1968; Dörmer and Möller, 1968; Sidman, 1970). This is illustrated for individual neurons in different layers of parietal area 3 after injection on E14.5 (Fig. 1). The background level has been estimated by calculating the density o ...
Full Article - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
... identified on the basis of velocity and acceleration criteria. Neuronal responses were analysed using spike density functions that were constructed by convolving each recorded action potential with the following function, based on an exponential growth–decay function: ...
... identified on the basis of velocity and acceleration criteria. Neuronal responses were analysed using spike density functions that were constructed by convolving each recorded action potential with the following function, based on an exponential growth–decay function: ...
Connectivity and circuitry in a dish versus in a brain
... Recently, a new technology has been developed to control, either by exciting or inhibiting, the activity of targeted individual neurons: optogenetics. An August 2005 report described how neurons became precisely responsive to light upon introduction of a microbial opsin gene [40]. In the following y ...
... Recently, a new technology has been developed to control, either by exciting or inhibiting, the activity of targeted individual neurons: optogenetics. An August 2005 report described how neurons became precisely responsive to light upon introduction of a microbial opsin gene [40]. In the following y ...
Modeling multiple time scale firing rate adaptation in a neural
... proportional to the negative feedback exerted by the adaptation current. Eq. (4) is an example of the first form of the adaptation model as in Eq. (1), where the adaptation variable a decays precisely as a single exponential as specified by h(t), while the overall rate decay is approximately exponen ...
... proportional to the negative feedback exerted by the adaptation current. Eq. (4) is an example of the first form of the adaptation model as in Eq. (1), where the adaptation variable a decays precisely as a single exponential as specified by h(t), while the overall rate decay is approximately exponen ...
Cortex Brainstem Spinal Cord Thalamus Cerebellum Basal Ganglia
... Recruitment of muscle fibers proceeds in an orderly fashion. Smaller neurons are recruited first, then larger neurons. Smaller neurons are connected to the slow fatigue resistant fibers and hence slow fibers are activated first. The fast-fatigue resistant fibers are recruited next and finally the fa ...
... Recruitment of muscle fibers proceeds in an orderly fashion. Smaller neurons are recruited first, then larger neurons. Smaller neurons are connected to the slow fatigue resistant fibers and hence slow fibers are activated first. The fast-fatigue resistant fibers are recruited next and finally the fa ...
This file has Chapter II: Structural differentiation of the brain • Neural
... function are inseparable, as shown throughout the history of biology. The structural work of Vesalius (1543) and Fabricius (1603) was essential for Harvey’s (1628) conception and experimental verification of the circulation of the blood, just as Cajal’s (1894) work on neuronal morphology provided th ...
... function are inseparable, as shown throughout the history of biology. The structural work of Vesalius (1543) and Fabricius (1603) was essential for Harvey’s (1628) conception and experimental verification of the circulation of the blood, just as Cajal’s (1894) work on neuronal morphology provided th ...
PDF
... of the beginning of the reach. (b) The median bias of the trajectory over time. A bias of 1 signifies that the direction of the trajectory is toward the expected target direction, while a bias o ...
... of the beginning of the reach. (b) The median bias of the trajectory over time. A bias of 1 signifies that the direction of the trajectory is toward the expected target direction, while a bias o ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... Neurons in the rat central nervous system (CNS) were examined for their content of both the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetyl-CoA, choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.16), and the transmitter-degrading enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT was localized i ...
... Neurons in the rat central nervous system (CNS) were examined for their content of both the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetyl-CoA, choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.16), and the transmitter-degrading enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT was localized i ...
Fluctuations in Perceptual Decisions Panagiota Theodoni
... word in science. How could we study subjectivity objectively? This was the main obstacle, since objectivation is a “pillar” of science, although debatable (Schrödinger 1967). The bridge to this gap came, in the second half of 19th century, from Franz Brentano who suggested three different forms of c ...
... word in science. How could we study subjectivity objectively? This was the main obstacle, since objectivation is a “pillar” of science, although debatable (Schrödinger 1967). The bridge to this gap came, in the second half of 19th century, from Franz Brentano who suggested three different forms of c ...
Prosjektoppgave - Mirror neurons_ver4.2
... movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey would usually be watching its own movements, the behavior the recorded neurons display ...
... movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey would usually be watching its own movements, the behavior the recorded neurons display ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... project to the dorsal cap of the inferior olive (e.g., Hoffmann and Schoppmann, 1975; Hoffmann et al., 1988); jerk neurons that respond to saccade-like stimulus movement (e.g., Ballas and Hoffmann, 1985) and project to the lateralis posterior nucleus of the thalamus (Sudkamp and Schmidt, 1995); and ...
... project to the dorsal cap of the inferior olive (e.g., Hoffmann and Schoppmann, 1975; Hoffmann et al., 1988); jerk neurons that respond to saccade-like stimulus movement (e.g., Ballas and Hoffmann, 1985) and project to the lateralis posterior nucleus of the thalamus (Sudkamp and Schmidt, 1995); and ...
Chapter 4 monkey
... the analyses, unless otherwise specified. To compute the population responses, we first normalized the responses of individual neurons to the maximum response, and then averaged across cells. We determined the significance of differences in response strength between stimuli in various time windows, ...
... the analyses, unless otherwise specified. To compute the population responses, we first normalized the responses of individual neurons to the maximum response, and then averaged across cells. We determined the significance of differences in response strength between stimuli in various time windows, ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... small differences between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP ...
... small differences between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... stimulation of ChR2-expressing CEm neurons with 10 s of blue light (interstimulation intervals, 30–60 s). Right: summary data demonstrating significant light-induced freezing responses in AAV-ChR22A-tdimer infected animals, but not in sham-operated controls. d, Epifluorescence image illustrating mic ...
... stimulation of ChR2-expressing CEm neurons with 10 s of blue light (interstimulation intervals, 30–60 s). Right: summary data demonstrating significant light-induced freezing responses in AAV-ChR22A-tdimer infected animals, but not in sham-operated controls. d, Epifluorescence image illustrating mic ...
Sensorimotor Neural Plasticity following Hand Transplantation
... proximo-distal progression (Navarro et al., 2007). "In spite ofthe fact that peripheral axons can regenerate through the injury site towards distal territories, reinnervation oftargets does not always lead to adequate recovery ofmotor and sensory function" (Navarro et al., 2007). There are many fact ...
... proximo-distal progression (Navarro et al., 2007). "In spite ofthe fact that peripheral axons can regenerate through the injury site towards distal territories, reinnervation oftargets does not always lead to adequate recovery ofmotor and sensory function" (Navarro et al., 2007). There are many fact ...
The neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig
... methods. Four types of neurons were described in the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the pig: 1. Multipolar neurons (perikarya 30–45 µm) with rounded, oval or quadrangular perikarya from which arise 4–7 dendritic trunks. The dendrites divide dichotomically twice, may send out collaterals and give of ...
... methods. Four types of neurons were described in the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the pig: 1. Multipolar neurons (perikarya 30–45 µm) with rounded, oval or quadrangular perikarya from which arise 4–7 dendritic trunks. The dendrites divide dichotomically twice, may send out collaterals and give of ...