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... is compared to internal templates, consisting of harmonic series of fundamental frequencies (Terhardt, 1974). Pitch is then estimated from the fundamental frequency of the best matching template. This mechanism requires that harmonics of the sound produce clear peaks in the spatial pattern of BM vib ...
... is compared to internal templates, consisting of harmonic series of fundamental frequencies (Terhardt, 1974). Pitch is then estimated from the fundamental frequency of the best matching template. This mechanism requires that harmonics of the sound produce clear peaks in the spatial pattern of BM vib ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... online), while the majority of cells expressing Shh protein appeared to be pyramidal neurons (Figures S1B–S1D). This was surprising due to the high level of expression and large number of Shh lineage cells found in the mantle zone of the medial ganglionic eminence, the source of tangentially migrati ...
... online), while the majority of cells expressing Shh protein appeared to be pyramidal neurons (Figures S1B–S1D). This was surprising due to the high level of expression and large number of Shh lineage cells found in the mantle zone of the medial ganglionic eminence, the source of tangentially migrati ...
Neuronal Migration and Ventral Subtype Identity in the
... three proteins are expressed in the neuroepithelium throughout central nervous system (CNS) development [25,27], and as they tend to be down-regulated upon neural differentiation they have been used as markers for neural stem cells and precursors [28,29]. Several studies suggest that SOXB1 factors f ...
... three proteins are expressed in the neuroepithelium throughout central nervous system (CNS) development [25,27], and as they tend to be down-regulated upon neural differentiation they have been used as markers for neural stem cells and precursors [28,29]. Several studies suggest that SOXB1 factors f ...
choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation
... outcome of a decision but not the process of deliberation itself. To distinguish these alternatives, we must look at factors that affect decision making but that are not necessarily expressed in the motor response. For example, decisions vary in their certainty: subjects are very certain about decis ...
... outcome of a decision but not the process of deliberation itself. To distinguish these alternatives, we must look at factors that affect decision making but that are not necessarily expressed in the motor response. For example, decisions vary in their certainty: subjects are very certain about decis ...
Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and
... highly nonuniform manner among different tissues and within the same tissue, particularly among different areas of the brain5,6. Some brain areas have been reported to sustain a few orders of magnitude more deletions than others. It is tempting to hypothesize that mtDNA mutations, although rare on a ...
... highly nonuniform manner among different tissues and within the same tissue, particularly among different areas of the brain5,6. Some brain areas have been reported to sustain a few orders of magnitude more deletions than others. It is tempting to hypothesize that mtDNA mutations, although rare on a ...
Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... These imaging experiments rely on changes in fluorescent intensity as an indicator of odor-evoked responses. It is therefore important to determine the sensitivity of the changes in fluorescent intensity and to demonstrate that the odor-evoked responses are dependent upon odor concentration. We ther ...
... These imaging experiments rely on changes in fluorescent intensity as an indicator of odor-evoked responses. It is therefore important to determine the sensitivity of the changes in fluorescent intensity and to demonstrate that the odor-evoked responses are dependent upon odor concentration. We ther ...
Cuneiform Neurons Activated during
... data from AS-carbachol cats with those from animals in quiet wakef ulness. In the present report, we examined, as before, two control cats in which the same procedures were followed, except that 0.1 l of saline was injected instead of carbachol. Four additional control animals, which were awake, we ...
... data from AS-carbachol cats with those from animals in quiet wakef ulness. In the present report, we examined, as before, two control cats in which the same procedures were followed, except that 0.1 l of saline was injected instead of carbachol. Four additional control animals, which were awake, we ...
35 | the nervous system
... contains a specialized structure, the axon hillock that integrates signals from multiple synapses and serves as a junction between the cell body and an axon. An axon is a tube-like structure that propagates the integrated signal to specialized endings called axon terminals. These terminals in turn s ...
... contains a specialized structure, the axon hillock that integrates signals from multiple synapses and serves as a junction between the cell body and an axon. An axon is a tube-like structure that propagates the integrated signal to specialized endings called axon terminals. These terminals in turn s ...
Endocrine and nervous systems
... No, because the sensations received separately by the left and right cerebral hemispheres from the right and left hands are integrated before hey are interpreted into language Yes, because the sensations from the right and left hands are carried to the left and right cerebral hemispheres respectivel ...
... No, because the sensations received separately by the left and right cerebral hemispheres from the right and left hands are integrated before hey are interpreted into language Yes, because the sensations from the right and left hands are carried to the left and right cerebral hemispheres respectivel ...
The Information Processing Mechanism of the Brain
... > The pattern that is recalled is not an exact replica of the original pattern. Some cross-over effects between patterns stored in the network occur, but if the stored patterns are approximately orthogonal (constituting a unique set of activities), the recalled pattern can be distinguished as the or ...
... > The pattern that is recalled is not an exact replica of the original pattern. Some cross-over effects between patterns stored in the network occur, but if the stored patterns are approximately orthogonal (constituting a unique set of activities), the recalled pattern can be distinguished as the or ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... reversal potential, because then the effect of synaptic input was always hyperpolarizing during the time course of an active potential and its repolarization. Second, the ratio between the synaptic decay time constant (τsyn ) and the oscillation period had to be sufficiently large, because with smal ...
... reversal potential, because then the effect of synaptic input was always hyperpolarizing during the time course of an active potential and its repolarization. Second, the ratio between the synaptic decay time constant (τsyn ) and the oscillation period had to be sufficiently large, because with smal ...
Definition of Neuronal Circuitry Controlling the Activity of Phrenic
... though a few labeled neurons were present in the raphe nuclei, medial reticular formation, and parabrachial nucleus. Nevertheless, differences in the organization of neurons presynaptic to phrenic motoneurons were recently demonstrated in an emetic species, the ferret. In contrast to the rat, the ve ...
... though a few labeled neurons were present in the raphe nuclei, medial reticular formation, and parabrachial nucleus. Nevertheless, differences in the organization of neurons presynaptic to phrenic motoneurons were recently demonstrated in an emetic species, the ferret. In contrast to the rat, the ve ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
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... the initial guess of their connection weights. By the loss of memory problem, we mean that a gradient-based method fits the network to the new data but also forgets the experience from the older data. The biological central nervous system does not appear to seriously suffer from these two problems — ...
... the initial guess of their connection weights. By the loss of memory problem, we mean that a gradient-based method fits the network to the new data but also forgets the experience from the older data. The biological central nervous system does not appear to seriously suffer from these two problems — ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdivided into four subnuclei: dorsolateral (SolDL), ventrolateral (SolVL), ventral (SolV), and SolI. The medial subdivision is further subdivided into seven subnuclei: SolIM, SolCe, medial (SolM), commissural (SolC), dorsom ...
... their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdivided into four subnuclei: dorsolateral (SolDL), ventrolateral (SolVL), ventral (SolV), and SolI. The medial subdivision is further subdivided into seven subnuclei: SolIM, SolCe, medial (SolM), commissural (SolC), dorsom ...
Neural ensemble dynamics underlying a long
... (Fig. 1a, b; Extended Data Fig. 1; Methods). This differs from previous electrophysiological studies of BLA that lacked access to ensemble activity patterns and had limited recording durations1, and from studies of immediate early gene activation9,10, which poorly reports declines, temporal patterns ...
... (Fig. 1a, b; Extended Data Fig. 1; Methods). This differs from previous electrophysiological studies of BLA that lacked access to ensemble activity patterns and had limited recording durations1, and from studies of immediate early gene activation9,10, which poorly reports declines, temporal patterns ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... which inhibitory synapses were distributed so that excitation and inhibition were balanced only on average across all channels, the peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) faithfully reproduced the firing rates of the preferred signals. The other, nonpreferred input signals evoked more inhibition than ex ...
... which inhibitory synapses were distributed so that excitation and inhibition were balanced only on average across all channels, the peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) faithfully reproduced the firing rates of the preferred signals. The other, nonpreferred input signals evoked more inhibition than ex ...
Activity of Bipolar Potential Generation in Paramecium
... Schematic diagram of paramecium ciliophora is given in Fig. 9. Left and right parts are forward (anterior) and backward (posterior) of the body. Membrane potential of paramecium was first studied by T. Kamada, 1934[7]. The relation of membrane potential and motion of cilia is studied by Y. Naitoh an ...
... Schematic diagram of paramecium ciliophora is given in Fig. 9. Left and right parts are forward (anterior) and backward (posterior) of the body. Membrane potential of paramecium was first studied by T. Kamada, 1934[7]. The relation of membrane potential and motion of cilia is studied by Y. Naitoh an ...
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory
... used in acting and perceiving. Any conceptualisation of grasping via simulation therefore requires the use of the same functional clusters used in the action and perception of grasping. 5. Parameters. All actions, perceptions, and simulations make use of neural parameters and their values. For examp ...
... used in acting and perceiving. Any conceptualisation of grasping via simulation therefore requires the use of the same functional clusters used in the action and perception of grasping. 5. Parameters. All actions, perceptions, and simulations make use of neural parameters and their values. For examp ...
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory
... used in acting and perceiving. Any conceptualisation of grasping via simulation therefore requires the use of the same functional clusters used in the action and perception of grasping. 5. Parameters. All actions, perceptions, and simulations make use of neural parameters and their values. For examp ...
... used in acting and perceiving. Any conceptualisation of grasping via simulation therefore requires the use of the same functional clusters used in the action and perception of grasping. 5. Parameters. All actions, perceptions, and simulations make use of neural parameters and their values. For examp ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... filled with 2 M potassium acetate (40 –70 M⍀). Measurements of apparent membrane input resistance and time constant were based on the linear electrical cable theory applied to an idealized isopotential neuron (Rall, 1969). The voltage– current (V–I ) relationship was measured from variations of the ...
... filled with 2 M potassium acetate (40 –70 M⍀). Measurements of apparent membrane input resistance and time constant were based on the linear electrical cable theory applied to an idealized isopotential neuron (Rall, 1969). The voltage– current (V–I ) relationship was measured from variations of the ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... Filtering is done in such a way that the number of cells in which an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object ...
... Filtering is done in such a way that the number of cells in which an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object ...
