Gaze effects in the cerebral cortex: reference frames for
... Premotor cortex and reference frames for movement representation There is now a large consensus that set-related activity reflects predominantly kinematic aspects of limb movement, as opposed to the target that triggered the movement. Indeed, during the instructed delay period, as well as after the ...
... Premotor cortex and reference frames for movement representation There is now a large consensus that set-related activity reflects predominantly kinematic aspects of limb movement, as opposed to the target that triggered the movement. Indeed, during the instructed delay period, as well as after the ...
Control of Wake and Sleep States
... differences in delta power during NREM sleep reflect the extent to which the cortical area was active during prior wake period as well as the wake period’s duration. This may reflect increased synaptic potentiation during waking. The increased energy consumption during waking is reflected in increas ...
... differences in delta power during NREM sleep reflect the extent to which the cortical area was active during prior wake period as well as the wake period’s duration. This may reflect increased synaptic potentiation during waking. The increased energy consumption during waking is reflected in increas ...
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... Health Organization, epilepsy affects approximately 4 million people in North America and Europe. Worldwide, 40 million people are believed to have epilepsy. [1] Epilepsy can start at any age, but is most common among young children. The disorder is characterized by seizures, known as "attacks”. The ...
... Health Organization, epilepsy affects approximately 4 million people in North America and Europe. Worldwide, 40 million people are believed to have epilepsy. [1] Epilepsy can start at any age, but is most common among young children. The disorder is characterized by seizures, known as "attacks”. The ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
... in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning induces tolerance against brain
... reperfusion injury, whereas weakly stained neurons which were more susceptible to ischemia. Thus, the activity of CAT may be critical for a protective effect against oxidative stress under pathological conditions, such as ischemia–reperfusion injury. Our study demonstrates that HBO-PC leads to the i ...
... reperfusion injury, whereas weakly stained neurons which were more susceptible to ischemia. Thus, the activity of CAT may be critical for a protective effect against oxidative stress under pathological conditions, such as ischemia–reperfusion injury. Our study demonstrates that HBO-PC leads to the i ...
Canonical computations of cerebral cortex
... detailed characterization of pathways involving subtypes of excitatory [e.g. 11,15,24,25] and inhibitory [e.g. 15,26,27,28,29,30,31,32–35] neurons in mice. The idea of a cortical computational unit is sketchy and not without controversy, but it motivates the idea that there are fundamental or ...
... detailed characterization of pathways involving subtypes of excitatory [e.g. 11,15,24,25] and inhibitory [e.g. 15,26,27,28,29,30,31,32–35] neurons in mice. The idea of a cortical computational unit is sketchy and not without controversy, but it motivates the idea that there are fundamental or ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... with previous studies, the level of hHigh-power confocal image of layer V of mPFC showing the distribution of fluorescently labeled retrogradely transported microspheres within individual neurons. Microspheres were injected into MD thalamus (red) or the contralateral PFC (green). Scale bar, current ...
... with previous studies, the level of hHigh-power confocal image of layer V of mPFC showing the distribution of fluorescently labeled retrogradely transported microspheres within individual neurons. Microspheres were injected into MD thalamus (red) or the contralateral PFC (green). Scale bar, current ...
Corticofugal Amplification of Subcortical Responses to Single Tone
... these structures through holes of Ç50 mm diam made in the skull. DSCF neurons were identified by their best frequencies (BFs) and locations in the AC, MGB, and IC. A window discriminator was used to isolate action potentials of single neurons. The acoustic stimuli were 23-ms-long tone bursts with a ...
... these structures through holes of Ç50 mm diam made in the skull. DSCF neurons were identified by their best frequencies (BFs) and locations in the AC, MGB, and IC. A window discriminator was used to isolate action potentials of single neurons. The acoustic stimuli were 23-ms-long tone bursts with a ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... highlighting the potential lack of sensitivity in EEG. Despite the importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in prim ...
... highlighting the potential lack of sensitivity in EEG. Despite the importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in prim ...
PSNS 2nd Lecture 1433 - Home - KSU Faculty Member websites
... antiporter that removes protons (carrier B). This transporter can be blocked by vesamicol (cholinergic physiological antagonist) Release of ACh is dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and occurs when an action potential reaches the terminal and triggers sufficient influx of Ca2+ ions The increased Ca ...
... antiporter that removes protons (carrier B). This transporter can be blocked by vesamicol (cholinergic physiological antagonist) Release of ACh is dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and occurs when an action potential reaches the terminal and triggers sufficient influx of Ca2+ ions The increased Ca ...
Activity of Bipolar Potential Generation in Paramecium
... Abstract: - Activity of paramecium is presented for bipolar potential generation in a cell. Polarity of potential corresponds to direction of swimming by cilia. Paramecium is a kind of limnetic unicellular organism. Modelling of activities are given with three electrical zones and two depletion laye ...
... Abstract: - Activity of paramecium is presented for bipolar potential generation in a cell. Polarity of potential corresponds to direction of swimming by cilia. Paramecium is a kind of limnetic unicellular organism. Modelling of activities are given with three electrical zones and two depletion laye ...
Art.-Schoenbaum (R) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... and ABL fired differentially depending on whether the subsequent outcome was to be the rewarding sucrose solution or the aversive quinine. This comparison of activity was statistically significant for 74 (or 22%) of 328 neurons sampled in OFC and 44 (or 36%) of 121 neurons sampled in ABL. The activi ...
... and ABL fired differentially depending on whether the subsequent outcome was to be the rewarding sucrose solution or the aversive quinine. This comparison of activity was statistically significant for 74 (or 22%) of 328 neurons sampled in OFC and 44 (or 36%) of 121 neurons sampled in ABL. The activi ...
central effects of centripetal impulses in axons of spinal ventral roots
... a neuron in the ventral horn to discharge about 15 times (records a). When the micro-electrode was inserted only 0.15 mm. (i.e., 150 micra) deeper, as is shown in records c, the discharges of the neuron were no longer apparent at the amplification employed but the action potentials of a second neuro ...
... a neuron in the ventral horn to discharge about 15 times (records a). When the micro-electrode was inserted only 0.15 mm. (i.e., 150 micra) deeper, as is shown in records c, the discharges of the neuron were no longer apparent at the amplification employed but the action potentials of a second neuro ...
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Primary Visceral Afferent
... non-NMDA receptors transmit primary sensory afferent signals to second-order neurons in the NTS, then the secondorder neurons most likely serve to simply relay information from visceral sensory endings to higher-order neurons, as has been classically described (Spyer 1981). If, on the other hand, NM ...
... non-NMDA receptors transmit primary sensory afferent signals to second-order neurons in the NTS, then the secondorder neurons most likely serve to simply relay information from visceral sensory endings to higher-order neurons, as has been classically described (Spyer 1981). If, on the other hand, NM ...
Rat Thought-Controlled Robot Arm
... 0.001), and is limited to the 200 ms following onset of lever movement. Similar results were found in the other animals, yielding a mean rmax = 0.47 for velocity versus 0.65 for displacement. These findings may also suggest that movement velocity measured 200–500 ms after onset was more significantl ...
... 0.001), and is limited to the 200 ms following onset of lever movement. Similar results were found in the other animals, yielding a mean rmax = 0.47 for velocity versus 0.65 for displacement. These findings may also suggest that movement velocity measured 200–500 ms after onset was more significantl ...
A Neural Mass Model to Simulate Different Rhythms in a Cortical
... of four neural populations which communicate via excitatory and inhibitory synapses: pyramidal cells, excitatory interneurons, inhibitory interneurons with slow synaptic kinetics (GABAA,slow ), and inhibitory interneurons with faster synaptic kinetics (GABAA,fast ). In the following, a quantity whic ...
... of four neural populations which communicate via excitatory and inhibitory synapses: pyramidal cells, excitatory interneurons, inhibitory interneurons with slow synaptic kinetics (GABAA,slow ), and inhibitory interneurons with faster synaptic kinetics (GABAA,fast ). In the following, a quantity whic ...
Irregular persistent activity induced by synaptic excitatory feedback
... (reviewed in Brunel, 2004) generate persistent activity due to excitatory feedback loops in such circuits. These models are able to account for the firing rates observed in such tasks (Amit and Brunel, 1997; Brunel, 2000; Brunel and Wang, 2001), though not very robustly. However, these models do not ...
... (reviewed in Brunel, 2004) generate persistent activity due to excitatory feedback loops in such circuits. These models are able to account for the firing rates observed in such tasks (Amit and Brunel, 1997; Brunel, 2000; Brunel and Wang, 2001), though not very robustly. However, these models do not ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... activated by aEerent or intrinsic fibers release GAB A, which causes fast inhibitory potentials mediated by GABA, receptors [ 2241. (These potentials are hyperpolarizing only when membrane potential is depolarized above the chloride reversal potential). C: intrinsic fiber synapses arising from other ...
... activated by aEerent or intrinsic fibers release GAB A, which causes fast inhibitory potentials mediated by GABA, receptors [ 2241. (These potentials are hyperpolarizing only when membrane potential is depolarized above the chloride reversal potential). C: intrinsic fiber synapses arising from other ...
The Distribution of Immunoreactivity for
... are stimulated by estrogens but inhibited by androgens. Although mechanisms are uncertain, one factor that could help define the spheres of influence and/or divisions of labor seen in hormone stimulation of the cerebral cortex could be the specific cortical distributions that intracellular, i.e. nuc ...
... are stimulated by estrogens but inhibited by androgens. Although mechanisms are uncertain, one factor that could help define the spheres of influence and/or divisions of labor seen in hormone stimulation of the cerebral cortex could be the specific cortical distributions that intracellular, i.e. nuc ...
Molecular Basis for Induction of Ocular Dominance
... The LTD model in visual cortex clearly shares many of the key properties of deprivation-induced synaptic depression, and it clearly has considerable explanatory power. It would be unlucky indeed if the eventual understanding of the molecular basis for the developmental decline in LTD did not yield a ...
... The LTD model in visual cortex clearly shares many of the key properties of deprivation-induced synaptic depression, and it clearly has considerable explanatory power. It would be unlucky indeed if the eventual understanding of the molecular basis for the developmental decline in LTD did not yield a ...
The Cat is Out of the Bag: Cortical Simulations with 109 Neurons
... same thalamocortical module and layer form a group. Thus each module contains 18 neuron groups. Thalamocortical modules are arranged in sheets, with each module having a specific topographic (x, y) coordinate used for determining connections within the network. Each module is assumed to correspond t ...
... same thalamocortical module and layer form a group. Thus each module contains 18 neuron groups. Thalamocortical modules are arranged in sheets, with each module having a specific topographic (x, y) coordinate used for determining connections within the network. Each module is assumed to correspond t ...
Frequency-Dependent Processing in the Vibrissa Sensory System
... evoked a smaller response in the VPm while a rat was whisking compared with when it was in a quiescent state. One explanation for this effect is that whisking generates sensory feedback at the frequency of vibrissa motion, even when rats whisk in air and the vibrissae do not contact a surface (Fee e ...
... evoked a smaller response in the VPm while a rat was whisking compared with when it was in a quiescent state. One explanation for this effect is that whisking generates sensory feedback at the frequency of vibrissa motion, even when rats whisk in air and the vibrissae do not contact a surface (Fee e ...
Spike Train - CMU Statistics
... In probability and statistics, irregular sequences of event times are modeled as point processes. If we start at time t = 0 and let X1 , X2 , .P . . be a sequence of random variables representing the ISIs, then the time of the jth spike is given by Sj = ji=1 Xi and the sequence S1 , S2 , . . . forms ...
... In probability and statistics, irregular sequences of event times are modeled as point processes. If we start at time t = 0 and let X1 , X2 , .P . . be a sequence of random variables representing the ISIs, then the time of the jth spike is given by Sj = ji=1 Xi and the sequence S1 , S2 , . . . forms ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... in inhibiting excitation at developing GABAergic synapses? In this paper we test the hypothesis that inhibitory actions of glutamate in developing hypothalamic neurons reduce the excitatory activity of GABA. We used the hypothalamus because of the relatively large proportion of GABAergic cells and p ...
... in inhibiting excitation at developing GABAergic synapses? In this paper we test the hypothesis that inhibitory actions of glutamate in developing hypothalamic neurons reduce the excitatory activity of GABA. We used the hypothalamus because of the relatively large proportion of GABAergic cells and p ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.