Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... Clinical application of DBS to treat intractable pain started a half-century ago (Pool et al., 1956). Several brain regions have since been identified as promising targets for DBS treatment of pain, including the somatosensory thalamic nuclei (Mazars, 1975), the motor cortex (Tsubokawa et al., 1993) ...
... Clinical application of DBS to treat intractable pain started a half-century ago (Pool et al., 1956). Several brain regions have since been identified as promising targets for DBS treatment of pain, including the somatosensory thalamic nuclei (Mazars, 1975), the motor cortex (Tsubokawa et al., 1993) ...
Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on propofol
... suggested that acupuncture and related techniques may have both analgesic and sedative effects. Nevertheless, the combination of TAES and anesthetic has been reported to be benefit, but it is still unclear how acupuncture works in propofol-induced deep or light sedation. Electroencephalography (EEG) ...
... suggested that acupuncture and related techniques may have both analgesic and sedative effects. Nevertheless, the combination of TAES and anesthetic has been reported to be benefit, but it is still unclear how acupuncture works in propofol-induced deep or light sedation. Electroencephalography (EEG) ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... hole (active-inactive) and training days as within-subject factors. Whennose-poke modes across the fixed-ratios schedules for the NIC ever main factor effects were found, post hoc comparisons were pergroup are illustrated in Figure 1A. Rats clearly focused on the formed using the Newman–Keuls test. ...
... hole (active-inactive) and training days as within-subject factors. Whennose-poke modes across the fixed-ratios schedules for the NIC ever main factor effects were found, post hoc comparisons were pergroup are illustrated in Figure 1A. Rats clearly focused on the formed using the Newman–Keuls test. ...
PDF
... Figure 2: Facing page. Intracellular somatic recordings. (A) The membrane potential of the model neuron is shown during optimal stimulation (left panel). Spiking episodes (burst-like behavior) are associated with the depolarized states of the membrane potential (up states). Following spiking activit ...
... Figure 2: Facing page. Intracellular somatic recordings. (A) The membrane potential of the model neuron is shown during optimal stimulation (left panel). Spiking episodes (burst-like behavior) are associated with the depolarized states of the membrane potential (up states). Following spiking activit ...
Serotonergic Psychedelics Temporarily Modify Information Transfer
... information originating at posterior leads (in green). This information mainly influenced signals recorded at more frontal locations (in gray). In other words, uncertainty at frontal locations decreased, that is, predictability increased when information at posterior locations was taken into account ...
... information originating at posterior leads (in green). This information mainly influenced signals recorded at more frontal locations (in gray). In other words, uncertainty at frontal locations decreased, that is, predictability increased when information at posterior locations was taken into account ...
Ramayya, A. G., Zaghloul, K. A., Weidemann, C. T., Baltuch, G. H.
... neurons in the SN demonstrate phasic bursts of activity following unexpected rewards, consistent with a reward prediction error (Zaghloul et al., 2009). Second, microstimulation applied in the SN following rewards alters learning by enhancing the reinforcement of preceding actions (Ramayya et al., 2 ...
... neurons in the SN demonstrate phasic bursts of activity following unexpected rewards, consistent with a reward prediction error (Zaghloul et al., 2009). Second, microstimulation applied in the SN following rewards alters learning by enhancing the reinforcement of preceding actions (Ramayya et al., 2 ...
Time-delay-induced phase-transition to synchrony in coupled
... of these oscillators show the spike-burst activity (multi-time scale dynamical behaviors) in a wide range of bifurcation parameters. There are two distinct time-scale of oscillations and the trajectories in the phase-space move slowly in one region whereas they move fast in the other region. The y–z ...
... of these oscillators show the spike-burst activity (multi-time scale dynamical behaviors) in a wide range of bifurcation parameters. There are two distinct time-scale of oscillations and the trajectories in the phase-space move slowly in one region whereas they move fast in the other region. The y–z ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leaving only a tiny gap between pre- and postsynaptic cell membranes, called the synaptic cleft. When an action potential arrives at a synapse, it triggers a complex chain of biochemical processing steps that lead to the release of neurotransmitt ...
... terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leaving only a tiny gap between pre- and postsynaptic cell membranes, called the synaptic cleft. When an action potential arrives at a synapse, it triggers a complex chain of biochemical processing steps that lead to the release of neurotransmitt ...
Behavioral and Pathological Effects in the Rat
... from altered neurotransmission, mostly within the basal ganglia (reviewed by Cadet, 1989). The permanent nature of the syndrome suggested, however, that it would more likely be associated with permanent histopathological changes. Silverstaining data indicated that sparse axonal degeneration may occu ...
... from altered neurotransmission, mostly within the basal ganglia (reviewed by Cadet, 1989). The permanent nature of the syndrome suggested, however, that it would more likely be associated with permanent histopathological changes. Silverstaining data indicated that sparse axonal degeneration may occu ...
Synaptic Transmisson
... channels carrying chloride ions can be made to open. Thus leads to an influx of chloride ions, making the inside of the postsynaptic membrane even more negative than when it is at resting potential. ...
... channels carrying chloride ions can be made to open. Thus leads to an influx of chloride ions, making the inside of the postsynaptic membrane even more negative than when it is at resting potential. ...
Histamine reduces firing and bursting of anterior and intralaminar
... The predominating effect of histamine on thalamic neurons consisted in a suppression of the firing rate, accompanied by a reduction of bursts that were possibly induced by low-threshold Ca++ spikes. The inhibition of firing could be caused by a direct postsynaptic hyperpolarization or by a reduction ...
... The predominating effect of histamine on thalamic neurons consisted in a suppression of the firing rate, accompanied by a reduction of bursts that were possibly induced by low-threshold Ca++ spikes. The inhibition of firing could be caused by a direct postsynaptic hyperpolarization or by a reduction ...
Intracellular study of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in
... tential (Figs. 4C,D). Both of the Tl?X-reststant poThe amplitude of the initial depolarization showed tentials were augmented by application of TEA (data graded changes upon increase in the stimulus intensinot shown) and abolished by an addition of Co2+ (3 ty, and tt was increased during iniecti°n o ...
... tential (Figs. 4C,D). Both of the Tl?X-reststant poThe amplitude of the initial depolarization showed tentials were augmented by application of TEA (data graded changes upon increase in the stimulus intensinot shown) and abolished by an addition of Co2+ (3 ty, and tt was increased during iniecti°n o ...
The Basal Ganglia and Involuntary Movements
... appear to be consistent with the prevailing models of hyperkinetic movement disorders.1,2 However, tonic reduction of GPi activity alone cannot explain chorea because (1) experimental lesions of the GPi do not cause chorea; (2) monkeys with STN lesions have decreased GPi discharge rates after the dy ...
... appear to be consistent with the prevailing models of hyperkinetic movement disorders.1,2 However, tonic reduction of GPi activity alone cannot explain chorea because (1) experimental lesions of the GPi do not cause chorea; (2) monkeys with STN lesions have decreased GPi discharge rates after the dy ...
Survival of cultured hippocampal neurons upon hypoxia
... campal cultures in hypoxic condition death of 30% of non-treated neurons was observed. In cultures containing high GBP concentrations:100 μM and 300 μM, two-fold higher number of nerve cells remained viable as compared to control cultures without drug. Neuroprotective properties of GBP were describe ...
... campal cultures in hypoxic condition death of 30% of non-treated neurons was observed. In cultures containing high GBP concentrations:100 μM and 300 μM, two-fold higher number of nerve cells remained viable as compared to control cultures without drug. Neuroprotective properties of GBP were describe ...
The rhinal cortices: a wall of inhibition between the
... cross-correlation analysis of spontaneous discharges generated by simultaneously recorded temporal neocortical, perirhinal and entorhinal neurons failed to provide evidence of propagating activity in this circuit during waking and slow-wave sleep (Pelletier et al., 2004). Even synchronized neuronal ...
... cross-correlation analysis of spontaneous discharges generated by simultaneously recorded temporal neocortical, perirhinal and entorhinal neurons failed to provide evidence of propagating activity in this circuit during waking and slow-wave sleep (Pelletier et al., 2004). Even synchronized neuronal ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signaling. A crosstalk among CCCs and trophic factors is important in short-term and long-term modification of neuronal properties. CCCs appear to be multifunctional proteins that are also involved in shaping neuronal ...
... GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signaling. A crosstalk among CCCs and trophic factors is important in short-term and long-term modification of neuronal properties. CCCs appear to be multifunctional proteins that are also involved in shaping neuronal ...
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission to Second
... resistances of cells were monitored by frequently applying a 10-mV hyperpolarizing voltage step (100-ms duration) from a holding potential of ⫺60 mV. Recordings of postsynaptic currents began 5 min later, after the whole-cell access was established and the holding current reached a steady state. Rec ...
... resistances of cells were monitored by frequently applying a 10-mV hyperpolarizing voltage step (100-ms duration) from a holding potential of ⫺60 mV. Recordings of postsynaptic currents began 5 min later, after the whole-cell access was established and the holding current reached a steady state. Rec ...
Lecture 6: Stochastic models of channels, synapses
... Glutamate receptors (both ionotropic) : AMPA (Na, K) NMDA (Na, K, Ca) GABA receptors GABAA (ionotropic, Cl) GABAB (metabotropic, K) Ach receptors: nicotinic (ionotropic) muscarinic (metabotropic) ...
... Glutamate receptors (both ionotropic) : AMPA (Na, K) NMDA (Na, K, Ca) GABA receptors GABAA (ionotropic, Cl) GABAB (metabotropic, K) Ach receptors: nicotinic (ionotropic) muscarinic (metabotropic) ...
PDF file - Izhikevich
... yellow squares result in firing patterns (lower part) that correspond to known types found in neocortical neurons. Excitatory neurons: RS, IB, CH. Inhibitory interneurons: FS and LTS. ...
... yellow squares result in firing patterns (lower part) that correspond to known types found in neocortical neurons. Excitatory neurons: RS, IB, CH. Inhibitory interneurons: FS and LTS. ...
GABA - International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
... either negatively charged chloride ions into the cell or positively charged potassium ions out of the cell. Depending on which ion channels open, the membrane potential is either hyperpolarized or repolarized. This action results in a negative change in the transmembrane potential, usually causing h ...
... either negatively charged chloride ions into the cell or positively charged potassium ions out of the cell. Depending on which ion channels open, the membrane potential is either hyperpolarized or repolarized. This action results in a negative change in the transmembrane potential, usually causing h ...
Regulation of Neurosteroid Biosynthesis by Neurotransmitters and
... octadecaneuropeptide (ODN; Fig. 2). While ODN is a preferential ligand for the central-type benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) that belongs to the GABA A receptor complex (Ferrero et al. 1986), TTN is a specific ligand for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (Slobodyansky et al. 1989). Immunohist ...
... octadecaneuropeptide (ODN; Fig. 2). While ODN is a preferential ligand for the central-type benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) that belongs to the GABA A receptor complex (Ferrero et al. 1986), TTN is a specific ligand for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (Slobodyansky et al. 1989). Immunohist ...
Dynamical systems view
... movement without minimal variation. • Preparatory state predicts both RT and trial-to-trial variability. • Rotational PMd firing rate dynamics form a basis for more complex muscular activity. ...
... movement without minimal variation. • Preparatory state predicts both RT and trial-to-trial variability. • Rotational PMd firing rate dynamics form a basis for more complex muscular activity. ...
Ionic Mechanism of the Slow Afterdepolarization Induced by
... 1998. The mammalian prefrontal cortex receives a dense cholinergic innervation from subcortical regions. We previously have shown that cholinergic stimulation of layer V pyramidal neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex results in a depolarization and the appearance of a slow afterdepolarization (sADP) ...
... 1998. The mammalian prefrontal cortex receives a dense cholinergic innervation from subcortical regions. We previously have shown that cholinergic stimulation of layer V pyramidal neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex results in a depolarization and the appearance of a slow afterdepolarization (sADP) ...
Lack of response suppression follows repeated ventral tegmental
... different sites of action for the two compounds. Our data fail to support previously reported findings using repeated cannabinoid administration and cell preparations. The maintained increase in DA drive elicited by the potent cannabinoid agonist HU210 in the in vitro ventral tegmental circuit could ...
... different sites of action for the two compounds. Our data fail to support previously reported findings using repeated cannabinoid administration and cell preparations. The maintained increase in DA drive elicited by the potent cannabinoid agonist HU210 in the in vitro ventral tegmental circuit could ...
Dopamine Modulates the Function of Group II and Group III
... GABA-ergic SNr neurons were identified according to previously established electrophysiological criteria (Richards et al., 1997). GABA-ergic neurons exhibited spontaneous repetitive firing, short duration action potentials, little spike frequency adaptation, and a lack of inward rectification, where ...
... GABA-ergic SNr neurons were identified according to previously established electrophysiological criteria (Richards et al., 1997). GABA-ergic neurons exhibited spontaneous repetitive firing, short duration action potentials, little spike frequency adaptation, and a lack of inward rectification, where ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.