Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
... BamHI for Gucy2d, HindIII for Sema3b and BamHI for Sema3f and analyzed by Southern blot hybridization with a 5⬘ external probe for Gucy2d, and 3⬘ external probes for Sema3b and Sema3f. DNA of positive clones was digested with HindIII or EcoRI for Sema3b and Sema3f, respectively, and probed with 5⬘ e ...
... BamHI for Gucy2d, HindIII for Sema3b and BamHI for Sema3f and analyzed by Southern blot hybridization with a 5⬘ external probe for Gucy2d, and 3⬘ external probes for Sema3b and Sema3f. DNA of positive clones was digested with HindIII or EcoRI for Sema3b and Sema3f, respectively, and probed with 5⬘ e ...
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... In this paper and in Gurney et al. (2001), henceforth referred to as GPR2, we address the second question given above: how might the neurobiological substrate for action selection operate? Our account takes the form of a biologically inspired model of processing intrinsic to the basal ganglia. In de ...
... In this paper and in Gurney et al. (2001), henceforth referred to as GPR2, we address the second question given above: how might the neurobiological substrate for action selection operate? Our account takes the form of a biologically inspired model of processing intrinsic to the basal ganglia. In de ...
Caudate Tracing Guidelines
... three components of the striatum: (1) caudate (at this level, the head of the caudate nucleus), (2) putamen, and (3) nucleus accumbens. Although the internal capsule courses between the caudate nucleus and the putamen, striatal cell bridges connect the two structures. The cell bridges are a reminder ...
... three components of the striatum: (1) caudate (at this level, the head of the caudate nucleus), (2) putamen, and (3) nucleus accumbens. Although the internal capsule courses between the caudate nucleus and the putamen, striatal cell bridges connect the two structures. The cell bridges are a reminder ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... LIPd and 7a) areas in Macaca mulatta, studied with neural tracers, varied systematically according to rules determined by the laminar architecture of the linked areas. We found that axons from areas 46 and rostral 8 terminated heavily in layers I–III of all intraparietal areas, as did caudal area 8 ...
... LIPd and 7a) areas in Macaca mulatta, studied with neural tracers, varied systematically according to rules determined by the laminar architecture of the linked areas. We found that axons from areas 46 and rostral 8 terminated heavily in layers I–III of all intraparietal areas, as did caudal area 8 ...
Obesity and Appetite Control
... the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). Peripheral administration of PYY3–36 increases c-fos expression (a marker of neuronal activation) in the ARC and direct injection of PYY3–36 into the ARC inhibits food intake. This effect is likely to be mediated through the Y2 receptor since the anorectic effec ...
... the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). Peripheral administration of PYY3–36 increases c-fos expression (a marker of neuronal activation) in the ARC and direct injection of PYY3–36 into the ARC inhibits food intake. This effect is likely to be mediated through the Y2 receptor since the anorectic effec ...
Can mechanistic explanation be reconciled with
... mathematical framework to accommodate activity on scale-free time-scales. This seems to be the perspective favored by Braun and Marom (this issue). While granting the value of appropriate mathematical representations, I argue for the continued pursuit of mechanistic explanations that impose time-win ...
... mathematical framework to accommodate activity on scale-free time-scales. This seems to be the perspective favored by Braun and Marom (this issue). While granting the value of appropriate mathematical representations, I argue for the continued pursuit of mechanistic explanations that impose time-win ...
physiological reviews
... beneath the base of the hair cell but outside of the Deiters cell. Each terminates in a clubshaped nerve ending. The size of these endings varies within wide limits, down to less than I p in diameter. The larger nerve endings may collect in clusters covering an area of 4 by 5 p, resembling synaptic ...
... beneath the base of the hair cell but outside of the Deiters cell. Each terminates in a clubshaped nerve ending. The size of these endings varies within wide limits, down to less than I p in diameter. The larger nerve endings may collect in clusters covering an area of 4 by 5 p, resembling synaptic ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... appear to have a much less clearly ordered geometry than the cortical pyramidal neurons. However, Walker et al. (1993) described a preferred orientation of the dendritic arbors of MSN in the primate striatum along a rostral– dorsal–medial to caudal–ventral–lateral axis. These authors suggested that ...
... appear to have a much less clearly ordered geometry than the cortical pyramidal neurons. However, Walker et al. (1993) described a preferred orientation of the dendritic arbors of MSN in the primate striatum along a rostral– dorsal–medial to caudal–ventral–lateral axis. These authors suggested that ...
Sample
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Nissl-stained cell groups, so that it is impractical to use a large rectan ...
... than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Nissl-stained cell groups, so that it is impractical to use a large rectan ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... from olivary axons, and show that they fire in short bursts that can relay information about the state of olivary network and modulate plasticity in the cerebellar cortex. A remarkable ...
... from olivary axons, and show that they fire in short bursts that can relay information about the state of olivary network and modulate plasticity in the cerebellar cortex. A remarkable ...
FREE Sample Here
... MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle. B) They all travel at the same speed. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) T ...
... MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle. B) They all travel at the same speed. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) T ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... different regions (e.g. basal or apical tuft) of dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons20 . We hypoth- ...
... different regions (e.g. basal or apical tuft) of dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons20 . We hypoth- ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... At early stages of neural development, neurons send out axons to their appropriate target regions under the guidance of various molecular cues. Once growing axons arrived at their target area they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial sy ...
... At early stages of neural development, neurons send out axons to their appropriate target regions under the guidance of various molecular cues. Once growing axons arrived at their target area they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial sy ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... Another OFC neuron is shown in Figure 3c. This neuron showed activations in both water and no-reward trials during the delay period. Similar activations in no-reward trials but no activation in any reward trials were observed in the ‘Visible and cued food reward’ tasks (not shown). It appears that t ...
... Another OFC neuron is shown in Figure 3c. This neuron showed activations in both water and no-reward trials during the delay period. Similar activations in no-reward trials but no activation in any reward trials were observed in the ‘Visible and cued food reward’ tasks (not shown). It appears that t ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and
... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Guidance in the Mouse Optic Chiasm
... ventrally before extending toward the midline along the border of the CD44/SSEA neurons (Marcus and Mason, 1995) (Fig. 3A–D). Later in development, RGC axons make distinct pathway choices at the midline, thereby projecting to targets on both sides of the brain (Figs. 4 A–D, 5A). At E12.5, robo1 is e ...
... ventrally before extending toward the midline along the border of the CD44/SSEA neurons (Marcus and Mason, 1995) (Fig. 3A–D). Later in development, RGC axons make distinct pathway choices at the midline, thereby projecting to targets on both sides of the brain (Figs. 4 A–D, 5A). At E12.5, robo1 is e ...
Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
... excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consisting of the bushy cells in the CN and the principal cells of the superior olivary complex is described. This circuit makes the precise comparisons of time of arrival and sound level in ...
... excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consisting of the bushy cells in the CN and the principal cells of the superior olivary complex is described. This circuit makes the precise comparisons of time of arrival and sound level in ...
Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... (T = RC) of neostriatal cell membranes. Generally. the time constant is measured by making a log plot of the voltage transient evoked by a small amplitude hyperpolarizing current and fitting a line to the linear portion of the response. However, any membrane nonlinearities resulting from voltage-gat ...
... (T = RC) of neostriatal cell membranes. Generally. the time constant is measured by making a log plot of the voltage transient evoked by a small amplitude hyperpolarizing current and fitting a line to the linear portion of the response. However, any membrane nonlinearities resulting from voltage-gat ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... generate arousal during conditions that require high attention or activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The major source of NE to the forebrain is the locus coeruleus (LC), an elongated nucleus just beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle. LC neurons fire most rapidly during wakefulness, a ...
... generate arousal during conditions that require high attention or activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The major source of NE to the forebrain is the locus coeruleus (LC), an elongated nucleus just beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle. LC neurons fire most rapidly during wakefulness, a ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... reinterpretation of basal ganglia functional anatomy in which the direct/indirect classification is replaced by a new functional grouping based on selection and control circuits (see Figure 2b). Specifically, the focused D1 inhibitory pathway from striatum to EP/SNr (originally the ‘direct pathway’) ...
... reinterpretation of basal ganglia functional anatomy in which the direct/indirect classification is replaced by a new functional grouping based on selection and control circuits (see Figure 2b). Specifically, the focused D1 inhibitory pathway from striatum to EP/SNr (originally the ‘direct pathway’) ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... into the CNS [31]; thus peripheral glia are key regulators of nerve assembly. These studies indicate that the cellular dynamics of axon–glia interactions during peripheral nerve development are very similar in Drosophila and vertebrates. Molecular similarities are now also emerging: Drosophila perip ...
... into the CNS [31]; thus peripheral glia are key regulators of nerve assembly. These studies indicate that the cellular dynamics of axon–glia interactions during peripheral nerve development are very similar in Drosophila and vertebrates. Molecular similarities are now also emerging: Drosophila perip ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... G2 but, before entering into it, issues an additional branch, b1, to glomerulus G1 (Fig. 3B, schematically depicted in Fig. 3D). The branches entered the glomerulus from opposite sides and appeared to innervate opposite parts of it (Fig. 3C). There is a common feature in Figures 2 and 3. The axon bi ...
... G2 but, before entering into it, issues an additional branch, b1, to glomerulus G1 (Fig. 3B, schematically depicted in Fig. 3D). The branches entered the glomerulus from opposite sides and appeared to innervate opposite parts of it (Fig. 3C). There is a common feature in Figures 2 and 3. The axon bi ...