Representing Spatial Relationships in Posterior
... timing of the motor response and not its direction. After the choice squares had been visible for 300--600 ms, first one choice square (Fig. 1E,L; first choice) and then the other choice square (Fig. 1F; second choice) increased in brightness for a period of 700--1000 ms in random sequence (represente ...
... timing of the motor response and not its direction. After the choice squares had been visible for 300--600 ms, first one choice square (Fig. 1E,L; first choice) and then the other choice square (Fig. 1F; second choice) increased in brightness for a period of 700--1000 ms in random sequence (represente ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... behavioral transitions between sensory events in the environment and the temporal requirements of long-term potentiation. Data indicates that long-term potentiation is obtained with relatively brief delays between the pre-synaptic spike and the post-synaptic spike. Optimal delays for induction of lo ...
... behavioral transitions between sensory events in the environment and the temporal requirements of long-term potentiation. Data indicates that long-term potentiation is obtained with relatively brief delays between the pre-synaptic spike and the post-synaptic spike. Optimal delays for induction of lo ...
Evidence of Basal Temporo-occipital Cortex
... based on small positional differences, known as retinal disparities. Neurophysiological studies in monkeys showed that there is a widespread distribution of retinal disparity sensitive cells throughout many cortical areas of nonhuman primates. Sensitivity to retinal disparity has been recently found ...
... based on small positional differences, known as retinal disparities. Neurophysiological studies in monkeys showed that there is a widespread distribution of retinal disparity sensitive cells throughout many cortical areas of nonhuman primates. Sensitivity to retinal disparity has been recently found ...
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... system. J Appl Physiol 115: 954 –971, 2013. First published May 2, 2013; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012.—This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Surv ...
... system. J Appl Physiol 115: 954 –971, 2013. First published May 2, 2013; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012.—This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Surv ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
Building silicon nervous systems with dendritic tree neuromorphs
... tree, so prominent and elaborate in neurons like the pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. The classical conception of the neuron held that dendrites are inexcitable, extensions of the neuronal cell body [Eccles, 1957], expanding the neuron’s surface area for m ...
... tree, so prominent and elaborate in neurons like the pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. The classical conception of the neuron held that dendrites are inexcitable, extensions of the neuronal cell body [Eccles, 1957], expanding the neuron’s surface area for m ...
Thalamocortidal Axons Extend Along a Chondroitin Sulfate
... lE, 2A). In the late preplate stage, the cell bodies of many preplate neurons have become elongated and more polarized. They have dendrites that extend laterally or toward the pial surface and an axon that arises near the lower end of the cell body and extends into the forming intermediate zone (Fig ...
... lE, 2A). In the late preplate stage, the cell bodies of many preplate neurons have become elongated and more polarized. They have dendrites that extend laterally or toward the pial surface and an axon that arises near the lower end of the cell body and extends into the forming intermediate zone (Fig ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... For the study of phase coding, period histograms were obtained. A positive zero-crossing detector was used to detect the beginning of each sine wave cycle. The zerocrossing pulses activated a computer-controlled clock which began counting from zero at each pulse. When a spike was detected, the curre ...
... For the study of phase coding, period histograms were obtained. A positive zero-crossing detector was used to detect the beginning of each sine wave cycle. The zerocrossing pulses activated a computer-controlled clock which began counting from zero at each pulse. When a spike was detected, the curre ...
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... Objectives.—To determine if the sensitization of the trigeminal system changes after dural activation of the trigeminal nerve during different stages of the rat estrous cycle. Background.—The specific mechanisms through which ovarian hormones trigger menstrual migraine are currently unknown. Past an ...
... Objectives.—To determine if the sensitization of the trigeminal system changes after dural activation of the trigeminal nerve during different stages of the rat estrous cycle. Background.—The specific mechanisms through which ovarian hormones trigger menstrual migraine are currently unknown. Past an ...
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... restorative therapy targets. Potential therapies include pharmacological agents designed to promote axonal growth. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of one such drug, GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, ...
... restorative therapy targets. Potential therapies include pharmacological agents designed to promote axonal growth. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of one such drug, GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, ...
Sensory Pathways and Emotional Context for Action
... Selective attention implies that irrelevant signals are suppressed. How does the prefrontal cortex achieve this important function? Using prefrontal auditory connections as a model system, we have found that pathways from lateral prefrontal areas to auditory association cortices target not only exci ...
... Selective attention implies that irrelevant signals are suppressed. How does the prefrontal cortex achieve this important function? Using prefrontal auditory connections as a model system, we have found that pathways from lateral prefrontal areas to auditory association cortices target not only exci ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... axon ends up taking over the entire NMJ suggested that there is a competition among the presynaptic inputs. Consistent with this idea, a reduced level of activity slowed the transition from multiple to single innervation of a muscle fiber, whereas an increased level of activity sped up the transitio ...
... axon ends up taking over the entire NMJ suggested that there is a competition among the presynaptic inputs. Consistent with this idea, a reduced level of activity slowed the transition from multiple to single innervation of a muscle fiber, whereas an increased level of activity sped up the transitio ...
The Thalamus
... receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In these investigations, the ability to carry out investigations on slices of the living thalamus kept ...
... receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In these investigations, the ability to carry out investigations on slices of the living thalamus kept ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibular nucleus, the parasolitary nucleus (Psol). This nucleus consists of 2,300 GABAergic neurons that project onto the ipsilateral inferior ol ...
... the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibular nucleus, the parasolitary nucleus (Psol). This nucleus consists of 2,300 GABAergic neurons that project onto the ipsilateral inferior ol ...
Novel Nuclear Protein Complexes of Dystrophin 71 Isoforms in
... studied in retina [13]. It has been shown that Dp71s are necessary for the stability of DAP complex in the plasma membrane of brain and retinal neurons, as well as glial cells [14, 15]. It is known that C-terminal mutations in DMD gene, that alter the expression of Dp71, are linked to a severe incid ...
... studied in retina [13]. It has been shown that Dp71s are necessary for the stability of DAP complex in the plasma membrane of brain and retinal neurons, as well as glial cells [14, 15]. It is known that C-terminal mutations in DMD gene, that alter the expression of Dp71, are linked to a severe incid ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... neuron activities (computed by Critic) and activities that reflect the preparation for intended actions (in Actor) select the actions that maximize reward predictions. The model evaluates the expected values of future actions, without necessarily executing them, in order to select the action with th ...
... neuron activities (computed by Critic) and activities that reflect the preparation for intended actions (in Actor) select the actions that maximize reward predictions. The model evaluates the expected values of future actions, without necessarily executing them, in order to select the action with th ...
Rule-Selection and Action-Selection have a Shared
... hierarchical models, adaptive coding models do not predict spatially separated regions of activation for processes at different levels of the hierarchy. This can be tested with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also sought to extend the models to the context of voluntary behavior. Bot ...
... hierarchical models, adaptive coding models do not predict spatially separated regions of activation for processes at different levels of the hierarchy. This can be tested with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also sought to extend the models to the context of voluntary behavior. Bot ...
Pergamon - Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit
... The brain was quickly removed and sections of the basal ganglia (70/~m) including neostriatum, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra were cut on a vibrating microtome and collected in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 0.01 M, pH 7.4). In order to enhance the ...
... The brain was quickly removed and sections of the basal ganglia (70/~m) including neostriatum, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra were cut on a vibrating microtome and collected in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 0.01 M, pH 7.4). In order to enhance the ...
Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord
... Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve ...
... Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve ...
Word Definition 12 Cranial Nerve innervation of
... other animals, and grasping of objects in feeding and other activities. Behavioral patterns present in one form or another in all animals because they are necessary for survival and reproduction. The basal and lateral nuclei of the amygdala develop from the embryonic pallium. The lateral nucleus rec ...
... other animals, and grasping of objects in feeding and other activities. Behavioral patterns present in one form or another in all animals because they are necessary for survival and reproduction. The basal and lateral nuclei of the amygdala develop from the embryonic pallium. The lateral nucleus rec ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... The same methodology (Fig. 4a; Supplementary Fig. 12) revealed that LHb inputs synapse on a different subpopulation of VTA DA neurons as well as on GABAergic cells in the RMTg. ChR2-EYFP expressing fibers from the LHb were found in medial posterior VTA in close proximity to DA neurons projecting to ...
... The same methodology (Fig. 4a; Supplementary Fig. 12) revealed that LHb inputs synapse on a different subpopulation of VTA DA neurons as well as on GABAergic cells in the RMTg. ChR2-EYFP expressing fibers from the LHb were found in medial posterior VTA in close proximity to DA neurons projecting to ...
Neural Correlates of Perceived Brightness in the Retina, Lateral
... Effects of luminance modulation outside the RF We reported previously that a significant percentage of neurons in striate cortex respond to luminance modulation outside the RF (Rossi et al., 1996). Here we will briefly review the key elements of the cortical results and provide additional analysis a ...
... Effects of luminance modulation outside the RF We reported previously that a significant percentage of neurons in striate cortex respond to luminance modulation outside the RF (Rossi et al., 1996). Here we will briefly review the key elements of the cortical results and provide additional analysis a ...
Notch resolves mixed neural identities in the
... The Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the generation of diversity within the Drosophila nervous system. Upon binding by ligands from the DSL family (for Delta, Serrate, Lag2), Notch is proteolyzed and its intracellular domain (Notchintra) translocates to the nucleus, where, together wi ...
... The Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the generation of diversity within the Drosophila nervous system. Upon binding by ligands from the DSL family (for Delta, Serrate, Lag2), Notch is proteolyzed and its intracellular domain (Notchintra) translocates to the nucleus, where, together wi ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... at least to a large extent, by the animal itself. Hence, in order to assess the functional significance of neuronal noise, the noise has to be related to the stimulus-induced responses as are elicited by behaviourally relevant stimuli, i.e. stimuli that are similar to those experienced by a n animal ...
... at least to a large extent, by the animal itself. Hence, in order to assess the functional significance of neuronal noise, the noise has to be related to the stimulus-induced responses as are elicited by behaviourally relevant stimuli, i.e. stimuli that are similar to those experienced by a n animal ...