Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... were found to show specialized excitatory or inhibitory firing responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related respo ...
... were found to show specialized excitatory or inhibitory firing responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related respo ...
The Number of Cortical Neurons Used to See
... participants were aged 16 to 17 years old. They and their parents gave informed written consent, as approved by the New York University review board. They all had 20/20 vision or altered to 20/20 vision and were fluent in English. What to do for each task was explained to each participant: 1) choose ...
... participants were aged 16 to 17 years old. They and their parents gave informed written consent, as approved by the New York University review board. They all had 20/20 vision or altered to 20/20 vision and were fluent in English. What to do for each task was explained to each participant: 1) choose ...
Early Microglial Activation Precedes Neuronal Loss in Mouse Model of Progressive
... brain regions where neuron loss subsequently occurs. These changes are most pronounced in the thalamocortical system, with neuron loss occurring first within the cortex and only subsequently in the corresponding thalamic relay nucleus. Microglial activation precedes the emergence of myoclonia and is ...
... brain regions where neuron loss subsequently occurs. These changes are most pronounced in the thalamocortical system, with neuron loss occurring first within the cortex and only subsequently in the corresponding thalamic relay nucleus. Microglial activation precedes the emergence of myoclonia and is ...
Differential innervation of superficial versus deep - HAL
... Convergent data showed that bulbo-spinal serotonergic projections exert complex modulatory influences on nociceptive signaling within the dorsal horn. These neurons are located in the B3 area which comprises the median raphe magnus (RMg) and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular (LPGi) nuclei. Be ...
... Convergent data showed that bulbo-spinal serotonergic projections exert complex modulatory influences on nociceptive signaling within the dorsal horn. These neurons are located in the B3 area which comprises the median raphe magnus (RMg) and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular (LPGi) nuclei. Be ...
14. Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... anterior ramus, and rami communicantes. Each of these latter three structures carries both sensory and motor information. Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as “mixed nerves.” Posterior rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sen ...
... anterior ramus, and rami communicantes. Each of these latter three structures carries both sensory and motor information. Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as “mixed nerves.” Posterior rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sen ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... [63,100]. This view has partly been challenged by the demonstration that, beside its strong localization to the leptomeninges—where it is detected in the arachnoid and along the thin arachnoid trabeculae in the subarachnoid space—and to ependymal and choroid plexus (Fig. 2C,E), GAT-2 ir is also pres ...
... [63,100]. This view has partly been challenged by the demonstration that, beside its strong localization to the leptomeninges—where it is detected in the arachnoid and along the thin arachnoid trabeculae in the subarachnoid space—and to ependymal and choroid plexus (Fig. 2C,E), GAT-2 ir is also pres ...
Unusual ultrastructural findings in dendrites of pyramidal
... street rabies virus of canine origin. The animals that showed an advanced stage of disease were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and cut on a vibratome to obtain coronal slices of 200 micrometers of thickness. Vibratome slices were subjected to the fol ...
... street rabies virus of canine origin. The animals that showed an advanced stage of disease were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and cut on a vibratome to obtain coronal slices of 200 micrometers of thickness. Vibratome slices were subjected to the fol ...
Parkinson`s Disease Rigidity Quantification Kylen Bares1, Eddie
... pneumatic actuated arm frame in determining muscle rigidity is not without its drawbacks. The pressure values that were measured only referred to different amounts of pressure released into the air cylinder that forced the arm to move from flexion into extension. However, the amount of pressure requ ...
... pneumatic actuated arm frame in determining muscle rigidity is not without its drawbacks. The pressure values that were measured only referred to different amounts of pressure released into the air cylinder that forced the arm to move from flexion into extension. However, the amount of pressure requ ...
Development of the Nervous System of Carinina ochracea
... species [8,9]. They are characterized by an endothelialized blood vascular system, an eversible proboscis housed in a fluid-filled secondary body cavity (the rhynchocoel), and a ring-shaped brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohisto ...
... species [8,9]. They are characterized by an endothelialized blood vascular system, an eversible proboscis housed in a fluid-filled secondary body cavity (the rhynchocoel), and a ring-shaped brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohisto ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... adjusted with NaOH. To continuously monitor the pressure of the perfusion system, the cannula was connected to a pressure transducer (PS/ 200, Living System Instrumentation); luminal flow rate was controlled with a syringe pump (11 PLUS, Harvard Apparatus). At the end of each experiment, 100 !M papa ...
... adjusted with NaOH. To continuously monitor the pressure of the perfusion system, the cannula was connected to a pressure transducer (PS/ 200, Living System Instrumentation); luminal flow rate was controlled with a syringe pump (11 PLUS, Harvard Apparatus). At the end of each experiment, 100 !M papa ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... Relative strengths of the spinning disk confocal microscope include having more photons reach the detector than in a typical LSCM setup (i.e., a pinhole of 1 Airy unit) (Sandison and Webb, 1994), providing greater fidelity of quantification of fluorescent intensity. Spinning disk confocals also use ...
... Relative strengths of the spinning disk confocal microscope include having more photons reach the detector than in a typical LSCM setup (i.e., a pinhole of 1 Airy unit) (Sandison and Webb, 1994), providing greater fidelity of quantification of fluorescent intensity. Spinning disk confocals also use ...
Segundo trabajo
... Animal handling procedures were approved by the Local Committee (99/1 University of Barcelona) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (1094/99), in accordance with the Directive 86/609/EU of the European Commission. Certified time-pregnant Sprague–Dawley dams (Charles River Laboratories, France) were deep ...
... Animal handling procedures were approved by the Local Committee (99/1 University of Barcelona) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (1094/99), in accordance with the Directive 86/609/EU of the European Commission. Certified time-pregnant Sprague–Dawley dams (Charles River Laboratories, France) were deep ...
Linking Objects to Actions: Encoding of Target Object and Grasping
... Microsystems). In all cases, arrays were positioned just anterior to the genu of the arcuate sulcus at the (mediolateral) level of the principal sulcus. 3D rendering of the cortical surfaces was generated based on 3T MRI scans (Brown MRI Research Facility) using BrainSight software (Rouge Research). ...
... Microsystems). In all cases, arrays were positioned just anterior to the genu of the arcuate sulcus at the (mediolateral) level of the principal sulcus. 3D rendering of the cortical surfaces was generated based on 3T MRI scans (Brown MRI Research Facility) using BrainSight software (Rouge Research). ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
... initiates ovulation in female mammals (see Gerall & Givon 1992 for review). Treatment of ovariectomized adult female rats with estrogen causes a massive surge in LH secretion, yet similar treatments in males fail to induce a similar response. This sexually dimorphic response to hormone treatment can ...
... initiates ovulation in female mammals (see Gerall & Givon 1992 for review). Treatment of ovariectomized adult female rats with estrogen causes a massive surge in LH secretion, yet similar treatments in males fail to induce a similar response. This sexually dimorphic response to hormone treatment can ...
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic
... profiles of fields and gradients for the same 1-mA stimulus used in Fig. 1. One-dimensional plots of fields and vertical gradients (dEx/dx) were generated for multiple sections through the coil in both the vertical and horizontal directions (Fig. 2, A and B, respectively; the red dashed line in each ...
... profiles of fields and gradients for the same 1-mA stimulus used in Fig. 1. One-dimensional plots of fields and vertical gradients (dEx/dx) were generated for multiple sections through the coil in both the vertical and horizontal directions (Fig. 2, A and B, respectively; the red dashed line in each ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... between these inputs that determines the membrane potential of the up state. The two K+ currents included in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured i ...
... between these inputs that determines the membrane potential of the up state. The two K+ currents included in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured i ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... below the sinus via a catheter inserted into the external carotid artery. Central chemoreceptors were stimulated by 30 s injections (trials) of CO2-saturated saline (range 0.821.0 ml) into the left axillary artery at the level of the left vertebral artery. (b) Integrated phrenic nerve and blood pres ...
... below the sinus via a catheter inserted into the external carotid artery. Central chemoreceptors were stimulated by 30 s injections (trials) of CO2-saturated saline (range 0.821.0 ml) into the left axillary artery at the level of the left vertebral artery. (b) Integrated phrenic nerve and blood pres ...
Computational modeling of responses in human visual
... principles in human visual cortex. Over the first two decades of functional magnetic resonance imaging, steady progress in measuring visual cortex led to the identification of more than twenty retinotopically mapped cortical areas. New models are being developed to predict responses in these maps an ...
... principles in human visual cortex. Over the first two decades of functional magnetic resonance imaging, steady progress in measuring visual cortex led to the identification of more than twenty retinotopically mapped cortical areas. New models are being developed to predict responses in these maps an ...
Chapter 3
... ake a look at the painting in Figure 3.1. It is pleasing, colorful, and nicely done. It features realistic color, perspective, and shadowing. It seems, perhaps, not extraordinary—except by virtue of its maker. He cannot see at all. Born blind to an impoverished family in Turkey, Esref Armagan starte ...
... ake a look at the painting in Figure 3.1. It is pleasing, colorful, and nicely done. It features realistic color, perspective, and shadowing. It seems, perhaps, not extraordinary—except by virtue of its maker. He cannot see at all. Born blind to an impoverished family in Turkey, Esref Armagan starte ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... barbiturate anesthesia (25–35 mg/kg), spindling is waxing and waning, and its frequency is lower with increasing barbiturate doses (Fig. 4.3 Barbiturate). During natural slow-wave sleep, two types of spindle patterns were observed, one with the characteristic waxing-and-waning pattern (Fig. 4.3 Natu ...
... barbiturate anesthesia (25–35 mg/kg), spindling is waxing and waning, and its frequency is lower with increasing barbiturate doses (Fig. 4.3 Barbiturate). During natural slow-wave sleep, two types of spindle patterns were observed, one with the characteristic waxing-and-waning pattern (Fig. 4.3 Natu ...
Effect of dopamine receptor stimulation on voltage
... Impaired working memory is a common feature of neuropsychiatric disorders. It is dependent on control of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons by dopamine. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a D1/5-type dopamine receptor agonist (SKF 38393, 10 µM) on the membrane potential an ...
... Impaired working memory is a common feature of neuropsychiatric disorders. It is dependent on control of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons by dopamine. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a D1/5-type dopamine receptor agonist (SKF 38393, 10 µM) on the membrane potential an ...
Ectopic expression of either the Drosophila
... throughout the segment (Fig. 2B,D). The expression of gsbd and gsbp in the CNS In addition to epidermal expression, gsbd is expressed in a subset of NBs and their progeny in the posterior portion of each segment (Gutjahr et al., 1993b). gsbp is first expressed in NBs and is found at high levels in t ...
... throughout the segment (Fig. 2B,D). The expression of gsbd and gsbp in the CNS In addition to epidermal expression, gsbd is expressed in a subset of NBs and their progeny in the posterior portion of each segment (Gutjahr et al., 1993b). gsbp is first expressed in NBs and is found at high levels in t ...
full text pdf
... Their morphogenesis involves growth mechanisms, but also regressive mechanisms like retraction or degeneration of supernumerary or non-specific processes. Regressive mechanisms are collectively known as pruning. Pruning can serve the specification of neuronal circuits or the removal of developmental ...
... Their morphogenesis involves growth mechanisms, but also regressive mechanisms like retraction or degeneration of supernumerary or non-specific processes. Regressive mechanisms are collectively known as pruning. Pruning can serve the specification of neuronal circuits or the removal of developmental ...
Multilayer perceptrons
... on a single layer - nonlinearly separable A 3 layer MLP was tried with 4 neurons in the hidden layer - which trained The number of neurons in the hidden layer was reduced to 2 and still trained With 1 neuron in the hidden layer it failed to train ...
... on a single layer - nonlinearly separable A 3 layer MLP was tried with 4 neurons in the hidden layer - which trained The number of neurons in the hidden layer was reduced to 2 and still trained With 1 neuron in the hidden layer it failed to train ...