Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of
... einforcement of behaviors that maximize benefit (positive reinforcement) and reduce loss or injury (negative reinforcement) is crucial for survival. Whereas positive reinforcement can be produced by activation of mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways, the neural circuits that underlie negative reinforceme ...
... einforcement of behaviors that maximize benefit (positive reinforcement) and reduce loss or injury (negative reinforcement) is crucial for survival. Whereas positive reinforcement can be produced by activation of mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways, the neural circuits that underlie negative reinforceme ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... The sense of taste, which allows animals to distinguish between nutritious and toxic substances, is essential for survival. However, we know very little about how taste information is processed by the brain, and how this processing allows for complex behaviors, such as those involved in learning and ...
... The sense of taste, which allows animals to distinguish between nutritious and toxic substances, is essential for survival. However, we know very little about how taste information is processed by the brain, and how this processing allows for complex behaviors, such as those involved in learning and ...
... amygdala, delineated with the striatal-related markers dopamine, adenosine 3 0 :5 0 -monophosphate regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 kDa, and the related phosphoprotein Inhibitor-1. These basal forebrain systems project to autonomic nuclei in the hypothalamus and brainstem. We interpret these result ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... Although these studies suggest a relationship between the functional maps and the axonal arbors of spiny neurons, it is clear that our understanding of the significance of the clusters for the physiology remains poorly understood even for the best studied cortical area: the primary visual cortex of ...
... Although these studies suggest a relationship between the functional maps and the axonal arbors of spiny neurons, it is clear that our understanding of the significance of the clusters for the physiology remains poorly understood even for the best studied cortical area: the primary visual cortex of ...
The parasympathetic system
... Schematic representation of the ENS. A, The submucosal (or Meissner's) plexus is located between the muscularis mucosae and the circular muscle of the muscularis externa. The myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa. In additi ...
... Schematic representation of the ENS. A, The submucosal (or Meissner's) plexus is located between the muscularis mucosae and the circular muscle of the muscularis externa. The myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa. In additi ...
Discovery of a Proneurogenic, Neuroprotective
... of the dentate gyrus. Because we considered both increased proliferation and survival of newborn neurons to be important screening parameters, we conducted our screen over 7 days in order to detect molecules that might augment either process. This was based on pulse-chase experiments with a single i ...
... of the dentate gyrus. Because we considered both increased proliferation and survival of newborn neurons to be important screening parameters, we conducted our screen over 7 days in order to detect molecules that might augment either process. This was based on pulse-chase experiments with a single i ...
Brain Stem Involvement in Immune and Aversive Challenge Jakob Paues
... the threat is, the immune system responds in similar ways. The strategy is to swiftly destroy the aggressor and if this fails, try to limit the extent of the infection. Thus humans can have dormant tuberculosis infections that are locally controlled until the individual become weakened by disease or ...
... the threat is, the immune system responds in similar ways. The strategy is to swiftly destroy the aggressor and if this fails, try to limit the extent of the infection. Thus humans can have dormant tuberculosis infections that are locally controlled until the individual become weakened by disease or ...
Time representation in reinforcement learning models of
... alternative time representations as one potential response to the findings mentioned above. ...
... alternative time representations as one potential response to the findings mentioned above. ...
Evolutionary roots offreedom
... itself. In the human brain, the latter is tied to its evolutionary past and to the future it anticipates. Thus, while the human brain cannot predict evolution, it can predict the consequences of its actions, with them to predict and shape further actions in a continuous cycle, the perception/action ...
... itself. In the human brain, the latter is tied to its evolutionary past and to the future it anticipates. Thus, while the human brain cannot predict evolution, it can predict the consequences of its actions, with them to predict and shape further actions in a continuous cycle, the perception/action ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimuli produced an ACh increase of the same size in the hippocampus, whereas in the cortex, the tactile stimulation produced a larger increase than the other stimuli. It appears therefore that ...
... behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimuli produced an ACh increase of the same size in the hippocampus, whereas in the cortex, the tactile stimulation produced a larger increase than the other stimuli. It appears therefore that ...
Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the
... Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to determine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGD), ventral lateral geniculate (LGV) ...
... Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to determine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGD), ventral lateral geniculate (LGV) ...
Lecture 6 th week
... • The Respiratory Center stimulated by1. Hypoxia - Fall in arterial PO2 2.Acidosis- Fall in pH or increase H+ concentration of arterial blood. 3. Hypercapnia -Rise in arterial PCO2 . ...
... • The Respiratory Center stimulated by1. Hypoxia - Fall in arterial PO2 2.Acidosis- Fall in pH or increase H+ concentration of arterial blood. 3. Hypercapnia -Rise in arterial PCO2 . ...
The Beautiful Brain - Weisman Art Museum
... discoveries was the idea that the brain is made up of individual cells called neurons. The most commonly held idea among scientists of Cajal’s time was that the brain was a continuous, interconnected network. All research on the brain and brain related diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, ...
... discoveries was the idea that the brain is made up of individual cells called neurons. The most commonly held idea among scientists of Cajal’s time was that the brain was a continuous, interconnected network. All research on the brain and brain related diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, ...
State-Dependent Computation Using Coupled Recurrent Networks
... soft winner-take-all (sWTA) network is able to selectively enhance one part of its input while suppressing the remainder (Hahnloser, Douglas, Mahowald, & Hepp, 1999; Maass, 2000), and so offers a form of signal restoration between computational stages sought by von Neumann (1958) in his early explor ...
... soft winner-take-all (sWTA) network is able to selectively enhance one part of its input while suppressing the remainder (Hahnloser, Douglas, Mahowald, & Hepp, 1999; Maass, 2000), and so offers a form of signal restoration between computational stages sought by von Neumann (1958) in his early explor ...
How Do Neurons Communicate?
... tell us whether those particular neurons have excitatory or inhibitory effects on other cells. It also helps to tell us something about the behavior in which the neuron is engaged. In the next section, we will look at the structure of a synapse, the site where chemical communication by means of a ne ...
... tell us whether those particular neurons have excitatory or inhibitory effects on other cells. It also helps to tell us something about the behavior in which the neuron is engaged. In the next section, we will look at the structure of a synapse, the site where chemical communication by means of a ne ...
Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... patient had to be removed because of epilepsy. After the surgery, early memories were normal and there was no impairment of personality or general intelligence. However, new long-term memory was not acquired (Scoville and Milner, 1957). Therefore, it was suggested that the hippocampus plays an impor ...
... patient had to be removed because of epilepsy. After the surgery, early memories were normal and there was no impairment of personality or general intelligence. However, new long-term memory was not acquired (Scoville and Milner, 1957). Therefore, it was suggested that the hippocampus plays an impor ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... the oculomotor system since the representation of the timing stimulus location in one brain area might be interpreted by downstream neurons as a competing motor plan. Evidence from diverse sources has suggested that the supplementary eye fields (SEF) play an important role in behavioral timing, so w ...
... the oculomotor system since the representation of the timing stimulus location in one brain area might be interpreted by downstream neurons as a competing motor plan. Evidence from diverse sources has suggested that the supplementary eye fields (SEF) play an important role in behavioral timing, so w ...
REVIEW
... extrinsic factors such as GnRH from neighboring neurons.37 It is very likely that other neural inputs from central38 or peripheral sources (e.g. trigeminal ®bers) may also modulate the activity of these neurons (Fig. 3). We hypothesize that the neural activity of and GnRH synthesis by the nervus ter ...
... extrinsic factors such as GnRH from neighboring neurons.37 It is very likely that other neural inputs from central38 or peripheral sources (e.g. trigeminal ®bers) may also modulate the activity of these neurons (Fig. 3). We hypothesize that the neural activity of and GnRH synthesis by the nervus ter ...
Representation of Number in Animals and Humans: A Neural Model
... strongly to) a specific number of objects. The critical properties of these number-selective neurons are the following. First, they act like filters over numerosity: Neurons that are most responsive to a particular numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somew ...
... strongly to) a specific number of objects. The critical properties of these number-selective neurons are the following. First, they act like filters over numerosity: Neurons that are most responsive to a particular numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somew ...
Neural Substrates Related to Motor Memory with Multiple
... temporoparietal junction; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; TR, repetition time. ...
... temporoparietal junction; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; TR, repetition time. ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... neurons form multiple minor processes. Stage 3 neurons possess one long neurite (immature axon) and several minor processes. The longest neurite ultimately develops into a mature axon. Therefore, the initial event of neuronal polarization in cultured neurons is axon initiation. Then, within 7 days, ...
... neurons form multiple minor processes. Stage 3 neurons possess one long neurite (immature axon) and several minor processes. The longest neurite ultimately develops into a mature axon. Therefore, the initial event of neuronal polarization in cultured neurons is axon initiation. Then, within 7 days, ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... evidence suggesting that modulation of spinal INs integrating tactile information for motor control may contribute to gating of cutaneous reflexes (Burke et al. 2001; Quevedo et al. 2005a). It is not clear whether the bidirectional interactions between tactile inputs and motor networks are mediated ...
... evidence suggesting that modulation of spinal INs integrating tactile information for motor control may contribute to gating of cutaneous reflexes (Burke et al. 2001; Quevedo et al. 2005a). It is not clear whether the bidirectional interactions between tactile inputs and motor networks are mediated ...
Proceedings from the 2015 UK-Korea Neuroscience Symposium
... numbers of synapses along postsynaptic dendrites, sites responsible for determining many important characteristics of signal processing. Thus, mGRASP technology is suitable for mapping large-scale connectivity patterns at multiple scales: microscale for synapse-by-synapse or neuron-by-neuron analysi ...
... numbers of synapses along postsynaptic dendrites, sites responsible for determining many important characteristics of signal processing. Thus, mGRASP technology is suitable for mapping large-scale connectivity patterns at multiple scales: microscale for synapse-by-synapse or neuron-by-neuron analysi ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... (Walker and Davis, 1997), indicating that regulation of glutamatergic transmission in this region is an important target for anxiolytic and ...
... (Walker and Davis, 1997), indicating that regulation of glutamatergic transmission in this region is an important target for anxiolytic and ...