Dopamine Modulates the Function of Group II and Group III
... GABA-ergic SNr neurons were identified according to previously established electrophysiological criteria (Richards et al., 1997). GABA-ergic neurons exhibited spontaneous repetitive firing, short duration action potentials, little spike frequency adaptation, and a lack of inward rectification, where ...
... GABA-ergic SNr neurons were identified according to previously established electrophysiological criteria (Richards et al., 1997). GABA-ergic neurons exhibited spontaneous repetitive firing, short duration action potentials, little spike frequency adaptation, and a lack of inward rectification, where ...
Visual and oculomotor selection: links, causes and
... additional ‘distracter’ stimuli outside the V4 neuron receptive field, as has been observed during attention. These findings suggest that the gain of visual responses in extrastriate cortex is directly modulated by the same activity that elicits a saccade to a particular location, and they suggest a ...
... additional ‘distracter’ stimuli outside the V4 neuron receptive field, as has been observed during attention. These findings suggest that the gain of visual responses in extrastriate cortex is directly modulated by the same activity that elicits a saccade to a particular location, and they suggest a ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... from outside the injected areas were not responsive to light stimulation. Thus, optogenetic inhibition of MSNs was able to block firing in response to excitatory currents which were many times greater than synaptic inputs recorded in vivo (Wickens and Wilson 1998). ...
... from outside the injected areas were not responsive to light stimulation. Thus, optogenetic inhibition of MSNs was able to block firing in response to excitatory currents which were many times greater than synaptic inputs recorded in vivo (Wickens and Wilson 1998). ...
Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... time window is set by the experimenter and depends on the type of neuron recorded from and the stimulus . In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This d ...
... time window is set by the experimenter and depends on the type of neuron recorded from and the stimulus . In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This d ...
Neural processes underlying conscious perception
... the neural response [24,27]. Kovacs et al. recorded singleneuron firing responses to backward-masked shapes in monkey inferior temporal cortex [24]. Monkeys had to discriminate between two target shapes. Recorded neurons responded selectively to one of the two shapes. In the strongest masking conditi ...
... the neural response [24,27]. Kovacs et al. recorded singleneuron firing responses to backward-masked shapes in monkey inferior temporal cortex [24]. Monkeys had to discriminate between two target shapes. Recorded neurons responded selectively to one of the two shapes. In the strongest masking conditi ...
Electrical Synapses in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... Neurons of the TRN readily generated low-threshold spikes and spike bursts after hyperpolarization (Fig. 2 A) (Bal and McCormick, 1993). The relatively slow envelope of depolarization underlying each low-threshold burst evoked a depolarization in coupled postsynaptic neurons, with a magnitude well p ...
... Neurons of the TRN readily generated low-threshold spikes and spike bursts after hyperpolarization (Fig. 2 A) (Bal and McCormick, 1993). The relatively slow envelope of depolarization underlying each low-threshold burst evoked a depolarization in coupled postsynaptic neurons, with a magnitude well p ...
SPHS 4050, Neurological Bases, PP 09a
... Focus in on cranial nerves (there are 12 pairs) – Roots connect to CNS • brainstem • uppermost spinal cord – Exit brain and pass through skull to reach the sense organs or muscles of head and neck with which they are associated – Relatively unprotected (susceptible to damage) – All twelve relevant ...
... Focus in on cranial nerves (there are 12 pairs) – Roots connect to CNS • brainstem • uppermost spinal cord – Exit brain and pass through skull to reach the sense organs or muscles of head and neck with which they are associated – Relatively unprotected (susceptible to damage) – All twelve relevant ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... the RFs in SC became fully refined in the dark, without any delay, yet they could not be maintained if animals remained in the dark as adults. These results are unexpected and important for understanding how early experience may influence the ability to recover from temporary vision loss late in lif ...
... the RFs in SC became fully refined in the dark, without any delay, yet they could not be maintained if animals remained in the dark as adults. These results are unexpected and important for understanding how early experience may influence the ability to recover from temporary vision loss late in lif ...
FREE Sample Here
... 14) When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold, a) ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly. b) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly. c) ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly. d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly. e) none of these choices occur. ...
... 14) When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold, a) ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly. b) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly. c) ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly. d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly. e) none of these choices occur. ...
A Brief History of the Reticular Formation
... states that whenever the motivation is the same, a defined set of stimuli will always release a specific motor response. Lorentz was the first to propose this concept in a 1935 German paper but not until 1948 and 1951 did Tinbergen introduce this concept to the English speaking world. The region of ...
... states that whenever the motivation is the same, a defined set of stimuli will always release a specific motor response. Lorentz was the first to propose this concept in a 1935 German paper but not until 1948 and 1951 did Tinbergen introduce this concept to the English speaking world. The region of ...
Associative memory properties of multiple cortical modules
... of auditory cortical areas (e.g. A in figure 1) has been observed when the sight of a mouth vocalizing is seen by a subject (producing visual activation in, for example, module B of figure 1) (Calvert et al 1997). In this case, the influence could be produced by forward connections from module B to ...
... of auditory cortical areas (e.g. A in figure 1) has been observed when the sight of a mouth vocalizing is seen by a subject (producing visual activation in, for example, module B of figure 1) (Calvert et al 1997). In this case, the influence could be produced by forward connections from module B to ...
Analysis of Local and Wide-Field Movements in the Superior
... paper concentrates on directionally selective cells responding to straight movements in the frontoparallel plane. To study the response properties of these cells, two types of white light patterns were independently backprojected on the screen from two projectors, each ofwhich was equipped with a mo ...
... paper concentrates on directionally selective cells responding to straight movements in the frontoparallel plane. To study the response properties of these cells, two types of white light patterns were independently backprojected on the screen from two projectors, each ofwhich was equipped with a mo ...
The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up
... to such great lengths to affirm, and teach, that evolution is the origin of diversity in life, and to find trends and laws that apply to kingdoms, phyla and orders as a whole, why then insist that whatever scaling rules apply to other primates must not apply to us? In view of the vexing size inferio ...
... to such great lengths to affirm, and teach, that evolution is the origin of diversity in life, and to find trends and laws that apply to kingdoms, phyla and orders as a whole, why then insist that whatever scaling rules apply to other primates must not apply to us? In view of the vexing size inferio ...
Frontal lobe and cognitive development
... areas seems to lag chronologically behind that of other cortical areas (Huttenlocher, 1990; Mrzljak et al., 1990; Scheibel, 1990). Given the role of prefrontal networks in cognitive functions, it is reasonable to infer that the development of those networks underlies the development of highly integr ...
... areas seems to lag chronologically behind that of other cortical areas (Huttenlocher, 1990; Mrzljak et al., 1990; Scheibel, 1990). Given the role of prefrontal networks in cognitive functions, it is reasonable to infer that the development of those networks underlies the development of highly integr ...
Axon
... • Exist in adult nervous system, but inactive except in: • Olfactory epithelium (sensory neurons for smell) • Retina of eye • Hippocampus (part of brain involved in short-term memory storage) ...
... • Exist in adult nervous system, but inactive except in: • Olfactory epithelium (sensory neurons for smell) • Retina of eye • Hippocampus (part of brain involved in short-term memory storage) ...
An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebrain and the
... Among the best-known facts of the brain are the contralateral visual, auditory, sensational, and motor mappings in the forebrain. How and why did these evolve? The few theories to this question provide functional answers, such as better networks for visuomotor control. However, these theories contra ...
... Among the best-known facts of the brain are the contralateral visual, auditory, sensational, and motor mappings in the forebrain. How and why did these evolve? The few theories to this question provide functional answers, such as better networks for visuomotor control. However, these theories contra ...
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... control of the ascending modulatory inputs which stimulate plasticity provides a way to efficiently explore how the structure and schedule of sensory input guides network reorganization without the uncontrolled variables often associated with behavioral training. Activation of the cholinergic nucleus ...
... control of the ascending modulatory inputs which stimulate plasticity provides a way to efficiently explore how the structure and schedule of sensory input guides network reorganization without the uncontrolled variables often associated with behavioral training. Activation of the cholinergic nucleus ...
Mechanisms of Magnetic Stimulation of Central Nervous System
... funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ...
... funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in ways that should be reflected in both afferent projections and cen ...
... and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in ways that should be reflected in both afferent projections and cen ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... duration (0.97 ⫾ 0.07 vs. 0.98 ⫾ 0.08 ms). The fast AHP (fAHP, 20.1 ⫾ 2.1 vs. 19.9 ⫾ 2.4 mV) and medium AHP (mAHP, 10.6 ⫾ 1.5 vs. 10.6 ⫾ 1.7 mV) were also not affected (Fig. 2B). These results indicate that histamine was not affecting voltage-gated Na⫹ and K⫹ channels or Ca2⫹-activated K⫹ channels t ...
... duration (0.97 ⫾ 0.07 vs. 0.98 ⫾ 0.08 ms). The fast AHP (fAHP, 20.1 ⫾ 2.1 vs. 19.9 ⫾ 2.4 mV) and medium AHP (mAHP, 10.6 ⫾ 1.5 vs. 10.6 ⫾ 1.7 mV) were also not affected (Fig. 2B). These results indicate that histamine was not affecting voltage-gated Na⫹ and K⫹ channels or Ca2⫹-activated K⫹ channels t ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... is unique in that it only has an axon by which it transmits information. Information carried by this neuron continues in the body by way of a tract to reach the brain. ...
... is unique in that it only has an axon by which it transmits information. Information carried by this neuron continues in the body by way of a tract to reach the brain. ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... in Go versus Nogo trials, then it was related to movement. To characterize this activity in more detail, we examined whether it was related to making a specific range of saccadic vectors, whether its intensity predicted reaction time, and whether the activity always predicted saccade generation, eve ...
... in Go versus Nogo trials, then it was related to movement. To characterize this activity in more detail, we examined whether it was related to making a specific range of saccadic vectors, whether its intensity predicted reaction time, and whether the activity always predicted saccade generation, eve ...
CEREBRAL CORTEX - Global Anatomy Home Page
... the verbal hemisphere is talking and the non-verbal hemisphere is controlling the facial expressions). Association areas of neocortex So far we have discussed areas of the brain, which had either a specific motor or sensory function. Areas without predominantly sensory or motor functions are referre ...
... the verbal hemisphere is talking and the non-verbal hemisphere is controlling the facial expressions). Association areas of neocortex So far we have discussed areas of the brain, which had either a specific motor or sensory function. Areas without predominantly sensory or motor functions are referre ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... is unique in that it only has an axon by which it transmits information. Information carried by this neuron continues in the body by way of a tract to reach the brain. ...
... is unique in that it only has an axon by which it transmits information. Information carried by this neuron continues in the body by way of a tract to reach the brain. ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... presentation period), with the sizes of the large (1x/2x) and small (1x/2x) part as factors. As described earlier, main effects represent sensitivity to absolute size of a part, whereas interaction effects represent nonlinear interactions between the two part sizes. Of particular interest to us was ...
... presentation period), with the sizes of the large (1x/2x) and small (1x/2x) part as factors. As described earlier, main effects represent sensitivity to absolute size of a part, whereas interaction effects represent nonlinear interactions between the two part sizes. Of particular interest to us was ...