Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... protection of a variety of organs, including liver, kidney and lung, it has the ability to exert multipotent activities under pathophysiological conditions [8, 13]. In the nervous system, for example, c-Met/HGF signaling plays an essential role in development and maintenance [8, 11, 14]. In brief, c ...
... protection of a variety of organs, including liver, kidney and lung, it has the ability to exert multipotent activities under pathophysiological conditions [8, 13]. In the nervous system, for example, c-Met/HGF signaling plays an essential role in development and maintenance [8, 11, 14]. In brief, c ...
Association of Poly(A) mRNA with Microtubules
... to eliminate hybridization to soluble mRNA, which was released from microfilaments but still present in thecell body(region of greatest volume). However, because of the fragility of neu- ...
... to eliminate hybridization to soluble mRNA, which was released from microfilaments but still present in thecell body(region of greatest volume). However, because of the fragility of neu- ...
Section and Senior Editor - HAL
... according to previously described criteria validated for mice (Valatx, 1971; Valatx and Bugat, 1974; Parmentier et al., 2002). Narcoleptic episodes, also called as direct REM sleep onset (DREMs) episodes or sleep onsets REM periods by some authors (Chemelli et al., 1999; Mignot, 2005), were defined ...
... according to previously described criteria validated for mice (Valatx, 1971; Valatx and Bugat, 1974; Parmentier et al., 2002). Narcoleptic episodes, also called as direct REM sleep onset (DREMs) episodes or sleep onsets REM periods by some authors (Chemelli et al., 1999; Mignot, 2005), were defined ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... used for data acquisition (HEKA Elektronik). PulseFit (HEKA Elektronik), Axograph (Axon instruments, Foster City, CA), and Igor Pro (WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR) software were used for analysis. Both excitatory and inhibitory spontaneous postsynaptic currents were detected and measured with an algo ...
... used for data acquisition (HEKA Elektronik). PulseFit (HEKA Elektronik), Axograph (Axon instruments, Foster City, CA), and Igor Pro (WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR) software were used for analysis. Both excitatory and inhibitory spontaneous postsynaptic currents were detected and measured with an algo ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... In a recent comparison of IL and PL projections in the rat, we showed that, with a few exceptions, PL and IL distribute differently throughout the brain (Vertes, 2004). These differential patterns of projections are summarized in Fig. 1. As illustrated (Fig. 1), IL distributes significantly to: (1) ...
... In a recent comparison of IL and PL projections in the rat, we showed that, with a few exceptions, PL and IL distribute differently throughout the brain (Vertes, 2004). These differential patterns of projections are summarized in Fig. 1. As illustrated (Fig. 1), IL distributes significantly to: (1) ...
connections of the cerebral cortex
... broadens. Its caudal end is half way through a series of transverse sections of the cerebrum. Those investigators who have identified functional cortical areas exclusively on the basis of cell studies might have made their analogies better if they had given more attention to connections. The extent ...
... broadens. Its caudal end is half way through a series of transverse sections of the cerebrum. Those investigators who have identified functional cortical areas exclusively on the basis of cell studies might have made their analogies better if they had given more attention to connections. The extent ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... brainstem are lost. Sympathetic activity after spinal cord injury is enigmatic because it ranges from abnormally low, leading to bouts of hypotension, to abnormally high, leading to hypertensive crises (Mathias and Frankel, 1992). One characteristic upon which there appears to be little disagreement ...
... brainstem are lost. Sympathetic activity after spinal cord injury is enigmatic because it ranges from abnormally low, leading to bouts of hypotension, to abnormally high, leading to hypertensive crises (Mathias and Frankel, 1992). One characteristic upon which there appears to be little disagreement ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... whether the unique localization of NOS in rat brain is species specific or might be generalized, we have mapped NOS immunoreactivity throughout monkey brain. In all regions examined, the cell and fiber groups stained are the same as in rat (data not shown). In certain areas of monkey brain we haveco ...
... whether the unique localization of NOS in rat brain is species specific or might be generalized, we have mapped NOS immunoreactivity throughout monkey brain. In all regions examined, the cell and fiber groups stained are the same as in rat (data not shown). In certain areas of monkey brain we haveco ...
SPPA 205
... Neural Pathways of Motor Control Pyramidal (Direct) motor system • Contains projection fibers from the cerebral cortex to the (lower) motor neurons • Includes primary motor cortex (60 %), premotor and sensory cortex (40%) • Associated with voluntary (willful) movement Extrapyramidal (Indirect) moto ...
... Neural Pathways of Motor Control Pyramidal (Direct) motor system • Contains projection fibers from the cerebral cortex to the (lower) motor neurons • Includes primary motor cortex (60 %), premotor and sensory cortex (40%) • Associated with voluntary (willful) movement Extrapyramidal (Indirect) moto ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... when neurons were treated with 30 nM 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime (Figures 2A and S3A). Numbers of secondary and tertiary axons were increased, but the length of the longest axon was decreased at this concentration (Figure 2B). At 100 and 300 nM concentrations of 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime, co ...
... when neurons were treated with 30 nM 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime (Figures 2A and S3A). Numbers of secondary and tertiary axons were increased, but the length of the longest axon was decreased at this concentration (Figure 2B). At 100 and 300 nM concentrations of 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime, co ...
Trigeminal, Gustatory, and Visceral Sensory Systems
... — termed the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract — and terminates in the ventral posterior medial nucleus. However, there is little modern evidence for the existence of this pathway. 3. Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. The trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is equivalent to a peripheral sensory ganglion b ...
... — termed the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract — and terminates in the ventral posterior medial nucleus. However, there is little modern evidence for the existence of this pathway. 3. Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. The trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is equivalent to a peripheral sensory ganglion b ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... and methylene blue stains suggest that differences exist between the arborization patterns of pre- and post-units. The neurons whose processes form glomeruli range widely in function and anatomy. They may be motor, but more commonly are sensory or internuncial elements. Among the latter, the dendrit ...
... and methylene blue stains suggest that differences exist between the arborization patterns of pre- and post-units. The neurons whose processes form glomeruli range widely in function and anatomy. They may be motor, but more commonly are sensory or internuncial elements. Among the latter, the dendrit ...
mecp2 and the epigenetic regulation of excitatory synaptic
... function. Using mainly electrophysiological techniques, we found that the loss of MeCP2 in hippocampal neurons results in deficits in both spontaneous and evoked excitatory synaptic transmission. Using pharmacological manipulations, we were able to attribute these deficits to the loss of transcript ...
... function. Using mainly electrophysiological techniques, we found that the loss of MeCP2 in hippocampal neurons results in deficits in both spontaneous and evoked excitatory synaptic transmission. Using pharmacological manipulations, we were able to attribute these deficits to the loss of transcript ...
Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system
... diencephalon, which together form the cerebral hemispheres, display extremely complex trajectories and elaborate migratory movements to reach their final destinations. As a result of these migrations, the telencephalon produces an array of diverse structures subserving distinct functions: the olfact ...
... diencephalon, which together form the cerebral hemispheres, display extremely complex trajectories and elaborate migratory movements to reach their final destinations. As a result of these migrations, the telencephalon produces an array of diverse structures subserving distinct functions: the olfact ...
Prelimbic to Accumbens Core Pathway Is Recruited in a Dopamine
... these structures are involved in conditioned drug seeking (McFarland et al., 2003; McLaughlin and See, 2003; Sun and Rebec, 2003; Stefanik and Kalivas, 2013; Stefanik et al., 2013); however, recent evidence indicates that only subpopulations of neurons within brain structures drive drug-seeking beha ...
... these structures are involved in conditioned drug seeking (McFarland et al., 2003; McLaughlin and See, 2003; Sun and Rebec, 2003; Stefanik and Kalivas, 2013; Stefanik et al., 2013); however, recent evidence indicates that only subpopulations of neurons within brain structures drive drug-seeking beha ...
Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons
... and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter acting by GABA A receptors and cooperating with glutamate [12–16]. The effect of GABA includes both excitatory and inhibitory responses w ...
... and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter acting by GABA A receptors and cooperating with glutamate [12–16]. The effect of GABA includes both excitatory and inhibitory responses w ...
melanogaster
... Activity-dependent modulation of sensory systems has been documented in many organisms, and is likely to be essential for appropriate processing of information during dierent behavioral states. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena, and often their functional consequences, remain poorl ...
... Activity-dependent modulation of sensory systems has been documented in many organisms, and is likely to be essential for appropriate processing of information during dierent behavioral states. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena, and often their functional consequences, remain poorl ...
07-pons + midbrain2009-03-24 08:441.9 MB
... by stroke,tumour or multiple sclerosis causes : 1-epsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction + contralateral spastic hemiparesis. 2-hyperreflexia & an extensor plantar response (upper motor neurone lesion). 3-contalateral hemisensory loss. 4-ipsilateral incoordination (ataxia). 5-it can affect eye moveme ...
... by stroke,tumour or multiple sclerosis causes : 1-epsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction + contralateral spastic hemiparesis. 2-hyperreflexia & an extensor plantar response (upper motor neurone lesion). 3-contalateral hemisensory loss. 4-ipsilateral incoordination (ataxia). 5-it can affect eye moveme ...
Molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila single
... cells, including all sim+ neuronal clusters in the central brain and optic lobes. One fragment upstream of sim is autoregulatory and is expressed in all sim+ brain cells. One intronic fragment drives expression in only the PSC and laminar neurons. Another downstream intronic fragment drives expressi ...
... cells, including all sim+ neuronal clusters in the central brain and optic lobes. One fragment upstream of sim is autoregulatory and is expressed in all sim+ brain cells. One intronic fragment drives expression in only the PSC and laminar neurons. Another downstream intronic fragment drives expressi ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... even be considered cingulate at all. For example, one widely used rhesus monkey atlas refers to this area, moving caudally, as 9/32, 8/32, and 6/32 (Paxinos et al. 2000). Because areas 6, 8, and 9 are not the cingulate cortex, this label suggests that most studies include, or focus on, tissue that i ...
... even be considered cingulate at all. For example, one widely used rhesus monkey atlas refers to this area, moving caudally, as 9/32, 8/32, and 6/32 (Paxinos et al. 2000). Because areas 6, 8, and 9 are not the cingulate cortex, this label suggests that most studies include, or focus on, tissue that i ...
Title Modulation of Conditioned Fear, Fear
... SPSS statistical package (SPSS v15.0 for Microsoft Windows; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to analyse all data. Paw oedema, behavioural data and the number of c-Fos-like immunoreactive neurons per region were analysed using 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher’s LSD post-hoc test ...
... SPSS statistical package (SPSS v15.0 for Microsoft Windows; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to analyse all data. Paw oedema, behavioural data and the number of c-Fos-like immunoreactive neurons per region were analysed using 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher’s LSD post-hoc test ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... (Vanni-Mercier et al., 1991). Moreover, electrolytic lesions in the rostroventral medulla (RVM) that sever the fiber pathways connecting the pons and caudal medulla eliminate REM sleep without altering NREM sleep (Sastre et al., 1981). Thus, when the pons and medulla are separated from each other, R ...
... (Vanni-Mercier et al., 1991). Moreover, electrolytic lesions in the rostroventral medulla (RVM) that sever the fiber pathways connecting the pons and caudal medulla eliminate REM sleep without altering NREM sleep (Sastre et al., 1981). Thus, when the pons and medulla are separated from each other, R ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
... Chronic use of morphine is well known to lead to physical and psychological dependence, characterized by the expression of withdrawal symptoms including both somatic and affective components, upon cessation of drug administration. In animals, morphine withdrawal produces various characteristic somat ...
... Chronic use of morphine is well known to lead to physical and psychological dependence, characterized by the expression of withdrawal symptoms including both somatic and affective components, upon cessation of drug administration. In animals, morphine withdrawal produces various characteristic somat ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... Advance Access publication November 23, 2005 ...
... Advance Access publication November 23, 2005 ...