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Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... Department of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Group, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 ...
... Department of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Group, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... TH derivatives, contains a relatively large concentration of this enzyme, but D1 is also present in the anterior pituitary, intestine, placenta and thyroid gland [16, 20]. In rats, D1 is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 2 ...
... TH derivatives, contains a relatively large concentration of this enzyme, but D1 is also present in the anterior pituitary, intestine, placenta and thyroid gland [16, 20]. In rats, D1 is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 2 ...
Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... As the virtual rat moves through the environment, sensory input to the model identifies its current location (behavioral state) and indicates food reward when it is received. At each location, the hippocampal model retrieves the prior episode experienced at that location, and provides this informati ...
... As the virtual rat moves through the environment, sensory input to the model identifies its current location (behavioral state) and indicates food reward when it is received. At each location, the hippocampal model retrieves the prior episode experienced at that location, and provides this informati ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... large ∆f values and high PR values, the stimulus is perceived as two different streams of sounds, one of A tones, one of B tones (segregated percept). In contrast, small ∆f values tend to evoke a percept consisting of a single stream of alternating frequency tones (integrated percept) (van Noorden 1 ...
... large ∆f values and high PR values, the stimulus is perceived as two different streams of sounds, one of A tones, one of B tones (segregated percept). In contrast, small ∆f values tend to evoke a percept consisting of a single stream of alternating frequency tones (integrated percept) (van Noorden 1 ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... Destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway triggers various persistent responses, such as inflammation and increased synthesis of neural growth factors, both in striatum and in substantia nigra. The pathological processes involved in such responses are poorly characterized and could cont ...
... Destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway triggers various persistent responses, such as inflammation and increased synthesis of neural growth factors, both in striatum and in substantia nigra. The pathological processes involved in such responses are poorly characterized and could cont ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output Dalila Akkal,2 Richard P. Dum,2 and Peter L. Strick1,2,3 1Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and 3Department of ...
... Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output Dalila Akkal,2 Richard P. Dum,2 and Peter L. Strick1,2,3 1Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and 3Department of ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... cortex issues ‘feedback’ projections to parietal cortex. However, the architectonic heterogeneity of these cortices raises the question of whether distinct areas have laminar-specific interconnections underlying their complex functional relationship. Using quantitative procedures, we showed that lam ...
... cortex issues ‘feedback’ projections to parietal cortex. However, the architectonic heterogeneity of these cortices raises the question of whether distinct areas have laminar-specific interconnections underlying their complex functional relationship. Using quantitative procedures, we showed that lam ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... influenced by auditory stimuli or auditory FAES activation, somatosensory stimuli were presented within a neuron’s receptive field alone and then in combination with a natural auditory cue or with electrical stimulation through one of the FAES electrodes. Somatosensory stimuli were produced by a nar ...
... influenced by auditory stimuli or auditory FAES activation, somatosensory stimuli were presented within a neuron’s receptive field alone and then in combination with a natural auditory cue or with electrical stimulation through one of the FAES electrodes. Somatosensory stimuli were produced by a nar ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... was mounted, dried, and counterstained with neutral red. In animals injected with fluorescent dyes or [3H] amino acids, the survival period was 10 days. The animals then were anesthetized deeply and perfused with 4% or 6% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). The brains in the fluore ...
... was mounted, dried, and counterstained with neutral red. In animals injected with fluorescent dyes or [3H] amino acids, the survival period was 10 days. The animals then were anesthetized deeply and perfused with 4% or 6% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). The brains in the fluore ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... and similar head and neck diameters. Mushroom spines had a much greater head than neck diameter, and stubby spines had a similar length and diameter. Dendritic protrusions characterized as filopodia (thin neck >3 μm in length and no head) were rare and did not form identified putative synapses. The bo ...
... and similar head and neck diameters. Mushroom spines had a much greater head than neck diameter, and stubby spines had a similar length and diameter. Dendritic protrusions characterized as filopodia (thin neck >3 μm in length and no head) were rare and did not form identified putative synapses. The bo ...
Gene Dosage in the Dysbindin Schizophrenia Susceptibility
... previously been described for BLOC-1 (Cheli et al., 2010), and that this pattern should be congruent across synaptic mechanisms that progressively scale up in complexity. We tested neurotransmitter release, synapse morphology, homeostatic plasticity, and behavioral/olfactory habituation in four BLOC ...
... previously been described for BLOC-1 (Cheli et al., 2010), and that this pattern should be congruent across synaptic mechanisms that progressively scale up in complexity. We tested neurotransmitter release, synapse morphology, homeostatic plasticity, and behavioral/olfactory habituation in four BLOC ...
Neurotransmitter Release
... act as wiring transmitters via ionotropic receptors, and also act as “volume transmitters” via G-protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, neuromodulators in turn feed back onto classical synaptic transmission. Quantitatively, synaptic transmission is the dominant form of communication between neurons. A ...
... act as wiring transmitters via ionotropic receptors, and also act as “volume transmitters” via G-protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, neuromodulators in turn feed back onto classical synaptic transmission. Quantitatively, synaptic transmission is the dominant form of communication between neurons. A ...
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the
... The monkeys were trained to perform a version of a sequential delayed matching-to-sample task that requires the identification of a face (I-DMS task; Fig. 1A); this behavioral task was the same as that described in our preceding paper (Eifuku et al. 2004). In the I-DMS task, a sample (480 ms) stimul ...
... The monkeys were trained to perform a version of a sequential delayed matching-to-sample task that requires the identification of a face (I-DMS task; Fig. 1A); this behavioral task was the same as that described in our preceding paper (Eifuku et al. 2004). In the I-DMS task, a sample (480 ms) stimul ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
Document
... attributes to adapt were able to reproduce successfully and spread their genes forward in the tree of life. Many of the challenges facing living organisms from those early days up to the present are due to chance and unpredictable. A number of environmental factors is not governed by chance however, ...
... attributes to adapt were able to reproduce successfully and spread their genes forward in the tree of life. Many of the challenges facing living organisms from those early days up to the present are due to chance and unpredictable. A number of environmental factors is not governed by chance however, ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
PDF - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... GPi projection. Second, in the indirect pathway, the external pallidal segment (GPe), an inhibitory nucleus, is interposed between the MSNs and the GPi, such that indirect pathway MSNs may disinhibit GPi neurons through the MSN ¡ GPe ¡ GPi projection. Third, in the hyperdirect pathway, cortical inpu ...
... GPi projection. Second, in the indirect pathway, the external pallidal segment (GPe), an inhibitory nucleus, is interposed between the MSNs and the GPi, such that indirect pathway MSNs may disinhibit GPi neurons through the MSN ¡ GPe ¡ GPi projection. Third, in the hyperdirect pathway, cortical inpu ...
Glycine Binding Sites of Presynaptic NMDA Receptors May
... treated, 0.98 ⫾ 0.3, P ⬍ 0.001, n ⫽ 9) but not the peak amplitude (control, 40.3 ⫾ 3.6 pA vs. treated, 39.4 ⫾ 3.5 pA, P ⬎ 0.21, n ⫽ 9) of the mEPSCs. These results verified that D-serine has the same effect as glycine. Glycine or D-serine reverses the inhibitory effects of 7-Cl KYNA on the frequency ...
... treated, 0.98 ⫾ 0.3, P ⬍ 0.001, n ⫽ 9) but not the peak amplitude (control, 40.3 ⫾ 3.6 pA vs. treated, 39.4 ⫾ 3.5 pA, P ⬎ 0.21, n ⫽ 9) of the mEPSCs. These results verified that D-serine has the same effect as glycine. Glycine or D-serine reverses the inhibitory effects of 7-Cl KYNA on the frequency ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.