![Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003344677_1-c4ab546e33eb56ef14d33f5df07bddd2-300x300.png)
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. However, recent efforts to assess and describe pathophysiological mechanisms have indicated that mecha ...
... potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. However, recent efforts to assess and describe pathophysiological mechanisms have indicated that mecha ...
Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human
... evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), and AMPA/ NMDA ratio in both the IL and PL layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons after fear acquisition and extinction (see Fig. S2 for corresponding behavioral data and Fig. S7 for representative images of electrode placement). Although we did not observe a ...
... evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), and AMPA/ NMDA ratio in both the IL and PL layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons after fear acquisition and extinction (see Fig. S2 for corresponding behavioral data and Fig. S7 for representative images of electrode placement). Although we did not observe a ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... NMDA receptor subunit-1 (Suen et al., 1997). Conversely, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) attenuates the transmission via GABAA receptors (Tanaka et al., 1997). It is important to emphasize that these pre- and postsynaptic effects are not ubiquitous, but depend on the expression of the corre ...
... NMDA receptor subunit-1 (Suen et al., 1997). Conversely, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) attenuates the transmission via GABAA receptors (Tanaka et al., 1997). It is important to emphasize that these pre- and postsynaptic effects are not ubiquitous, but depend on the expression of the corre ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... To objectively quantif y the spatial distribution of FLI neurons within each coronal section, we parceled the traced gNST in each section into six “subfields” based on its dimensions (Fig. 1a). The gNST was first divided into three equal segments by drawing two lines perpendicular to the long axis o ...
... To objectively quantif y the spatial distribution of FLI neurons within each coronal section, we parceled the traced gNST in each section into six “subfields” based on its dimensions (Fig. 1a). The gNST was first divided into three equal segments by drawing two lines perpendicular to the long axis o ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
View/Open - eDiss - Georg-August
... central complex and were separated from ascending neurons based on their longer latencies. One local brain neuron was found discriminating between behaviorally attractive and non-attractive stimuli. Using such multielectrodes, it was also possible to induce singing responses by electrically stimulat ...
... central complex and were separated from ascending neurons based on their longer latencies. One local brain neuron was found discriminating between behaviorally attractive and non-attractive stimuli. Using such multielectrodes, it was also possible to induce singing responses by electrically stimulat ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... Control of movement is a fundamental and complex task of the vertebrate nervous system, which relies on communication between circuits distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord. Many of the networks essential for the execution of basic locomotor behaviors are composed of discrete neuronal pop ...
... Control of movement is a fundamental and complex task of the vertebrate nervous system, which relies on communication between circuits distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord. Many of the networks essential for the execution of basic locomotor behaviors are composed of discrete neuronal pop ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... shifts in B21 membrane potential were related to the activity patterns of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due t ...
... shifts in B21 membrane potential were related to the activity patterns of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due t ...
Measurement of variability dynamics in cortical spike trains
... Poisson process. Its points occur at constant rate in a completely random fashion and independent of each other. It exhibits an exponential interval distribution, while the number of points encountered during a finite observation interval is Poisson distributed. Another prominent example for a renew ...
... Poisson process. Its points occur at constant rate in a completely random fashion and independent of each other. It exhibits an exponential interval distribution, while the number of points encountered during a finite observation interval is Poisson distributed. Another prominent example for a renew ...
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
... has shed light on the possible pathways from olfactory centers converging to GnRH neurons. Pheromonal signals are processed as olfactory stimuli in the brain and processing originates at either the main or accessory olfactory bulbs [5], resulting in neural activation of key structures within both sy ...
... has shed light on the possible pathways from olfactory centers converging to GnRH neurons. Pheromonal signals are processed as olfactory stimuli in the brain and processing originates at either the main or accessory olfactory bulbs [5], resulting in neural activation of key structures within both sy ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... dual nature of macrophage activation. Here, we show that ZAMs modify the surrounding microenvironment and significantly increase axon growth; however, this is accompanied by axon loss and cell death within and nearby activated macrophages. Toxicity ...
... dual nature of macrophage activation. Here, we show that ZAMs modify the surrounding microenvironment and significantly increase axon growth; however, this is accompanied by axon loss and cell death within and nearby activated macrophages. Toxicity ...
Spike train propagation in the axon of a visual interneuron,... Locusta migratoria
... energy in the form of ATP and the amount required is positively correlated with membrane permeability. The Na+/K+ ATPase is the main electrogenic pump involved in the maintenance of ionic gradients. Without sufficient energy to run the Na+/K+ ATPase, neurons will eventually depolarize, resulting in ...
... energy in the form of ATP and the amount required is positively correlated with membrane permeability. The Na+/K+ ATPase is the main electrogenic pump involved in the maintenance of ionic gradients. Without sufficient energy to run the Na+/K+ ATPase, neurons will eventually depolarize, resulting in ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
From Lesions to Leptin: Review Hypothalamic Control of Food
... hypothalamus–lesioned animals, in fact have hypogonadism. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin is essential for normal functioning of the reproductive system (Barash et al., 1996; Chehab et al., 1996, 1997; Ahima et al., 1997; Cheung et al., 1997a; Montague et al., 1997). These observation ...
... hypothalamus–lesioned animals, in fact have hypogonadism. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin is essential for normal functioning of the reproductive system (Barash et al., 1996; Chehab et al., 1996, 1997; Ahima et al., 1997; Cheung et al., 1997a; Montague et al., 1997). These observation ...
Pacemaker Potentials for the Periodic Burst Discharge in the Heart
... The intracellular potential changes from the pacemaker cells vary extensively in their size and time course, and some sort of classification is necessary for their description. Mainly on the basis of the characteristics of the slow potential, we divide them into four types: (a) the "mammalian heart" ...
... The intracellular potential changes from the pacemaker cells vary extensively in their size and time course, and some sort of classification is necessary for their description. Mainly on the basis of the characteristics of the slow potential, we divide them into four types: (a) the "mammalian heart" ...
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... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
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... task, rat shuttles back and forth along a linear track between food rewards contained in cups attached to movable walls. Middle: color-coded firing field of a place cell created from multiple runs in the eastward direction. Bottom: EEG theta rhythm and place cell firing (in red) for the same cell on ...
... task, rat shuttles back and forth along a linear track between food rewards contained in cups attached to movable walls. Middle: color-coded firing field of a place cell created from multiple runs in the eastward direction. Bottom: EEG theta rhythm and place cell firing (in red) for the same cell on ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... evidence that some FEF neurons are in fact intrinsically sensitive to visual features independent of behavioral significance. An early qualitative study found little visual feature sensitivity in FEF, reporting no orientation selectivity and only traces (6%) of “color- or motion”-responsive cells (M ...
... evidence that some FEF neurons are in fact intrinsically sensitive to visual features independent of behavioral significance. An early qualitative study found little visual feature sensitivity in FEF, reporting no orientation selectivity and only traces (6%) of “color- or motion”-responsive cells (M ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... based on the level of attention or expectation when performing a cognitive task (Luck et al., 1997; Kastner et al., 1999; Stokes et al., 2009; van Ede et al., 2010). The activity induced by an external stimulus interacts with the ongoing baseline activity to evoke the response in the brain (Fox et a ...
... based on the level of attention or expectation when performing a cognitive task (Luck et al., 1997; Kastner et al., 1999; Stokes et al., 2009; van Ede et al., 2010). The activity induced by an external stimulus interacts with the ongoing baseline activity to evoke the response in the brain (Fox et a ...
Gating of Sensory Input by Spontaneous Cortical Activity
... The cc measure. To quantify the fine temporal relationship between a neuron and population activity, we assessed the asymmetry of the spiketriggered MUA using a previously described measure, cc, defined as the mean spike time of spike-triggered MUA within a 100 ms time window, which is equivalent ...
... The cc measure. To quantify the fine temporal relationship between a neuron and population activity, we assessed the asymmetry of the spiketriggered MUA using a previously described measure, cc, defined as the mean spike time of spike-triggered MUA within a 100 ms time window, which is equivalent ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.