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On the Biological Plausibility of Grandmother Cells
... columns code for line segments that vary by approximately 10° in rotation). These columns are in turn organized into hypercolumns, such that all simple cells within a given hypercolumn code for lines at the same retinal location (albeit varying in orientation preference), with adjacent hypercolumns ...
... columns code for line segments that vary by approximately 10° in rotation). These columns are in turn organized into hypercolumns, such that all simple cells within a given hypercolumn code for lines at the same retinal location (albeit varying in orientation preference), with adjacent hypercolumns ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Penn Arts and Sciences
... lateral to the anterior middle temporal sulcus and spanned #10.5–17.5 mm anterior to the ear canals (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). A representative V4 chamber was centered 6 mm posterior and 17 mm dorsal to the ear canals. V4 recording sites were confirmed by a combination of receptive field size a ...
... lateral to the anterior middle temporal sulcus and spanned #10.5–17.5 mm anterior to the ear canals (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). A representative V4 chamber was centered 6 mm posterior and 17 mm dorsal to the ear canals. V4 recording sites were confirmed by a combination of receptive field size a ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Center for Neural Science
... lateral to the anterior middle temporal sulcus and spanned ⬃10.5–17.5 mm anterior to the ear canals (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). A representative V4 chamber was centered 6 mm posterior and 17 mm dorsal to the ear canals. V4 recording sites were confirmed by a combination of receptive field size a ...
... lateral to the anterior middle temporal sulcus and spanned ⬃10.5–17.5 mm anterior to the ear canals (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). A representative V4 chamber was centered 6 mm posterior and 17 mm dorsal to the ear canals. V4 recording sites were confirmed by a combination of receptive field size a ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory local circuit neurons (interneurons). Henceforth, I will refer to interneurons as GABAergic local circuit neurons. Pyramidal cells specialize in the transfer of information between different areas, whereas interneurons primarily contribute to local neural assemblies to mo ...
... acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory local circuit neurons (interneurons). Henceforth, I will refer to interneurons as GABAergic local circuit neurons. Pyramidal cells specialize in the transfer of information between different areas, whereas interneurons primarily contribute to local neural assemblies to mo ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... sequence ended with a spend choice). However, the relationship between spend probability and sequence progress varied between interest rate conditions, reflecting the animals’ preferences for different sequence lengths (Figure 1C). The animals typically preferred shorter sequences when interest was ...
... sequence ended with a spend choice). However, the relationship between spend probability and sequence progress varied between interest rate conditions, reflecting the animals’ preferences for different sequence lengths (Figure 1C). The animals typically preferred shorter sequences when interest was ...
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
... in Fig. 2A and B), the neurons had maximum firing rates. When the global drifting directions were shifted up to 40° away from the preferred direction, their responses gradually decreased although the movements of the bar segment within the CRF were identical for different global directions (ANOVA, P ...
... in Fig. 2A and B), the neurons had maximum firing rates. When the global drifting directions were shifted up to 40° away from the preferred direction, their responses gradually decreased although the movements of the bar segment within the CRF were identical for different global directions (ANOVA, P ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuclei in the medulla oblongata are essential for regulat ...
... (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuclei in the medulla oblongata are essential for regulat ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... The mammalian brain is, with its numerous neural elements and structured complex connectivity, one of the most complex systems in nature. Recently, large-scale corticocortical connectivities, both structural and functional, have received a great deal of research attention, especially using the appro ...
... The mammalian brain is, with its numerous neural elements and structured complex connectivity, one of the most complex systems in nature. Recently, large-scale corticocortical connectivities, both structural and functional, have received a great deal of research attention, especially using the appro ...
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... The life and death of neurons: neurotrophic factors how they work, how neurons die. Conduction within neurons: origin of the resting potential, cable conduction, generation of action potentials, conduction o ...
... The life and death of neurons: neurotrophic factors how they work, how neurons die. Conduction within neurons: origin of the resting potential, cable conduction, generation of action potentials, conduction o ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... We generated a novel Nf1 mouse model (the homozygous Nf19a–/9a– mutant), in which the neuron-specific NF1 exon 9acontaining isoform is deleted. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR confirmed the total absence of Nf1 exon 9a-containing mRNA in Nf19a–/9a– mice (Figure 1a and Supplementary Figure 1). C ...
... We generated a novel Nf1 mouse model (the homozygous Nf19a–/9a– mutant), in which the neuron-specific NF1 exon 9acontaining isoform is deleted. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR confirmed the total absence of Nf1 exon 9a-containing mRNA in Nf19a–/9a– mice (Figure 1a and Supplementary Figure 1). C ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... 4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)] and slow time courses [Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)]. Each feed-forward interneuron connects to 10 pyramidal cells. These synapses elicit synaptic potentials with both fast (20%) and slow (80%) time courses representing GABAA and GABAB receptors. Both time courses hav ...
... 4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)] and slow time courses [Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)]. Each feed-forward interneuron connects to 10 pyramidal cells. These synapses elicit synaptic potentials with both fast (20%) and slow (80%) time courses representing GABAA and GABAB receptors. Both time courses hav ...
Red calcium indicator
... and neurons show an attenuated response at ~520 nm, with little to no response to calcium changes. In contrast, calcium changes produce a strong response at 650 nm. In our hands, as can be noted from the variance in the lots 908a and 910a, we have not yet achieved consistent results for the 517 nm p ...
... and neurons show an attenuated response at ~520 nm, with little to no response to calcium changes. In contrast, calcium changes produce a strong response at 650 nm. In our hands, as can be noted from the variance in the lots 908a and 910a, we have not yet achieved consistent results for the 517 nm p ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles of the chemical compounds in solution per kilogram of solvent. Loss or gain of systemic water or electrolytes results in changes in ECF osmolality wh ...
... glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles of the chemical compounds in solution per kilogram of solvent. Loss or gain of systemic water or electrolytes results in changes in ECF osmolality wh ...
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... current (DC) amplifier, then slower potentials can also be picked up. Potentials recorded with this technique are generally known as DC potentials (1,7,14,16). Thus, DC potentials comprise slow as well as fast field potentials. The fast components correspond with the potential fluctuations of the EE ...
... current (DC) amplifier, then slower potentials can also be picked up. Potentials recorded with this technique are generally known as DC potentials (1,7,14,16). Thus, DC potentials comprise slow as well as fast field potentials. The fast components correspond with the potential fluctuations of the EE ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... 6.4. Pathway overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5. Dorsal ascending pathway . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6. Medial ascending pathway . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7. Ventral ascending pathway . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7.1. Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7.2. Thalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... 6.4. Pathway overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5. Dorsal ascending pathway . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6. Medial ascending pathway . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7. Ventral ascending pathway . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7.1. Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7.2. Thalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
Operant conditioning and motor cortex - D
... was administered. Fetz showed that non-human primates were capable of intentionally and systematically varying the activity of single cortical neurons. Such variation most commonly manifested as phasic increases in firing rate, which were referred to as ”operant bursts” of activity. After initial tr ...
... was administered. Fetz showed that non-human primates were capable of intentionally and systematically varying the activity of single cortical neurons. Such variation most commonly manifested as phasic increases in firing rate, which were referred to as ”operant bursts” of activity. After initial tr ...
Morphological and F`unctional Identifications of Catfish Retinal
... injected into the unit being tested. The objective is to identify both functionally and structurally the classes of neurons in the catfish retina. When applied to intracellular responses, the white-noiseanalysis technique has distinct advantages in that a) it allows us to gather a large amount of di ...
... injected into the unit being tested. The objective is to identify both functionally and structurally the classes of neurons in the catfish retina. When applied to intracellular responses, the white-noiseanalysis technique has distinct advantages in that a) it allows us to gather a large amount of di ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
... tracers in 27 rhesus monkeys. labeled neurons within the hippocampal formation (CA1, CA1’, prosubiculum, and subiculum) were found rostrally, although some were noted throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampal formation. Most labeled neurons in the hippocampal formation projected t ...
... tracers in 27 rhesus monkeys. labeled neurons within the hippocampal formation (CA1, CA1’, prosubiculum, and subiculum) were found rostrally, although some were noted throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampal formation. Most labeled neurons in the hippocampal formation projected t ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.