![The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/013031357_1-8d1d86e3abd28a1b1d95bda8c8e93fa2-300x300.png)
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... The dendritic morphology of pyramidal cells located at the base of layer III in the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2), the middle temporal area (MT), the ventral portion of the lateral intraparietal area (LIPv) and in the portion of cytoarchitectonic area 7a within the anterior b ...
... The dendritic morphology of pyramidal cells located at the base of layer III in the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2), the middle temporal area (MT), the ventral portion of the lateral intraparietal area (LIPv) and in the portion of cytoarchitectonic area 7a within the anterior b ...
Slide 1
... and proximal apical/basal dendrites (green) receive separate synaptic inputs in a variety of types of pyramidal cells. (B) Summation of inputs onto a single dendritic branch (but not between branches) leads to a dendritic spike that remains below threshold for an action potential at the soma. It has ...
... and proximal apical/basal dendrites (green) receive separate synaptic inputs in a variety of types of pyramidal cells. (B) Summation of inputs onto a single dendritic branch (but not between branches) leads to a dendritic spike that remains below threshold for an action potential at the soma. It has ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... of serotoninergic neurons in the cerebral ganglion complex and the pathways along which these neurons process antennal, visual, and intracerebral information are described in Chapter 2. The location of serotoninergic neuron cell bodies in the ventral nerve cord and their specialized role in inter- a ...
... of serotoninergic neurons in the cerebral ganglion complex and the pathways along which these neurons process antennal, visual, and intracerebral information are described in Chapter 2. The location of serotoninergic neuron cell bodies in the ventral nerve cord and their specialized role in inter- a ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... a visible reaction, it leads to the increase of convulsive readiness of the brain. With the passage of time on the same subliminal exposure to the animal responds already cramps (the phenomenon of "swing" or kindling). In everyday life, there are many long-term stressors, nevrozogennye factors, occu ...
... a visible reaction, it leads to the increase of convulsive readiness of the brain. With the passage of time on the same subliminal exposure to the animal responds already cramps (the phenomenon of "swing" or kindling). In everyday life, there are many long-term stressors, nevrozogennye factors, occu ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... To test the behavioral representation of stable object-value memories, we used a free viewing task (Yasuda et al. 2012). On each trial, four of a set of eight fractal objects were chosen randomly, regardless of their values, and were presented simultaneously for 2 s. The monkey was free to look at t ...
... To test the behavioral representation of stable object-value memories, we used a free viewing task (Yasuda et al. 2012). On each trial, four of a set of eight fractal objects were chosen randomly, regardless of their values, and were presented simultaneously for 2 s. The monkey was free to look at t ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and
... the overall rates of flow of air or water and of blood over the respiratory surfaces are matched according to their respective capacities for oxygen so that the ventilationto-perfusion ratio varies from ;1 in air-breathers to 10 or more in water-breathers, with the bimodal, air/waterbreathers among ...
... the overall rates of flow of air or water and of blood over the respiratory surfaces are matched according to their respective capacities for oxygen so that the ventilationto-perfusion ratio varies from ;1 in air-breathers to 10 or more in water-breathers, with the bimodal, air/waterbreathers among ...
Dopamine-Independent Locomotion Following Blockade of N
... motor stimulant response, including -opioid, neurotensin, Substance P, ionotropic glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate subtypes), and GABAA receptors (for review, see Kalivas, 1993). In all instances, the motor stimulant response has been shown to be blocked by dopamine receptor antagonists and/or as ...
... motor stimulant response, including -opioid, neurotensin, Substance P, ionotropic glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate subtypes), and GABAA receptors (for review, see Kalivas, 1993). In all instances, the motor stimulant response has been shown to be blocked by dopamine receptor antagonists and/or as ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
Perception Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to
... In most in vitro studies of STDP, the induction protocol consists of relatively simple spike patterns with pre/post spikes paired at regular intervals. The advantage of this approach is that each induction pattern can be described by a small number of parameters, and the dependence of synaptic modif ...
... In most in vitro studies of STDP, the induction protocol consists of relatively simple spike patterns with pre/post spikes paired at regular intervals. The advantage of this approach is that each induction pattern can be described by a small number of parameters, and the dependence of synaptic modif ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... that serve to stabilize the body or body segment during the execution of the movement itself. These postural responses are also anticipatory in nature because they occur before there is any possibility of feedback from the movement itself influencing the response (Massion 1992). They are referred to ...
... that serve to stabilize the body or body segment during the execution of the movement itself. These postural responses are also anticipatory in nature because they occur before there is any possibility of feedback from the movement itself influencing the response (Massion 1992). They are referred to ...
Respiratory physiology
... penetrate deeper into the lung. After about 23 to 25 orders of branching, the airways terminate in alveoli. The airway can be classified longitudinally or sequentially and anatomically into three distinct types. Starting at the trachea, the airways branch in a dichotomous fashion both symmetrically ...
... penetrate deeper into the lung. After about 23 to 25 orders of branching, the airways terminate in alveoli. The airway can be classified longitudinally or sequentially and anatomically into three distinct types. Starting at the trachea, the airways branch in a dichotomous fashion both symmetrically ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
... representing each of those actions. A long-standing concept in basal ganglia research is the existence of parallel loops running through the basal ganglia (Alexander et al. 1986; Middleton and Strick 2000). At the macroscopic level, independent domains of the basal ganglia have been identified by th ...
... representing each of those actions. A long-standing concept in basal ganglia research is the existence of parallel loops running through the basal ganglia (Alexander et al. 1986; Middleton and Strick 2000). At the macroscopic level, independent domains of the basal ganglia have been identified by th ...
FREE Sample Here
... A. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all. B. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all. C. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time. D. neurons are either active all the time o ...
... A. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all. B. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all. C. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time. D. neurons are either active all the time o ...
L8-Physiology of Sleep and EEG 2013
... (LDT/PPT) may help generate the cortical activation and atonia of REM sleep. The LDT/PPT is the main source of ACh to the thalamus, and ACh depolarizes thalamic neurons to promote the transmission of information through the thalamus, driving the cortical activation that is probably required for the ...
... (LDT/PPT) may help generate the cortical activation and atonia of REM sleep. The LDT/PPT is the main source of ACh to the thalamus, and ACh depolarizes thalamic neurons to promote the transmission of information through the thalamus, driving the cortical activation that is probably required for the ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... system, and arousal. For example, orexin neurons are regulated by peripheral metabolic cues, including ghrelin, leptin, and glucose concentration. This suggests that they may provide a link between energy homeostasis and arousal states. A link between the limbic system and orexin neurons might be im ...
... system, and arousal. For example, orexin neurons are regulated by peripheral metabolic cues, including ghrelin, leptin, and glucose concentration. This suggests that they may provide a link between energy homeostasis and arousal states. A link between the limbic system and orexin neurons might be im ...
MS word - University of Kentucky
... phase-out their response when the source of the stimulus (i.e. the CNS) continues the stimulation in an unchanged manner. Thus, they may fire a burst of signals initially, but quickly decrease their signals over time until no further signals are sent. In contrast, tonic-type neurons adapt slowly (if ...
... phase-out their response when the source of the stimulus (i.e. the CNS) continues the stimulation in an unchanged manner. Thus, they may fire a burst of signals initially, but quickly decrease their signals over time until no further signals are sent. In contrast, tonic-type neurons adapt slowly (if ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... our conscious lives. But answers to the really difficult questions such as how does a thought, mind, or consciousness emerge from mere chemical interactions of cells still remained far from our reach. It was becoming clear that anatomy and physiology by themselves were not sufficient to reveal every ...
... our conscious lives. But answers to the really difficult questions such as how does a thought, mind, or consciousness emerge from mere chemical interactions of cells still remained far from our reach. It was becoming clear that anatomy and physiology by themselves were not sufficient to reveal every ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... (100 Hz for 1 s, repeated 3 times at an interval of 10 s) failed to change synaptic strength (n ⫽ 8). Top: current traces averaged from 20 excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) before and after the application of HFS. B: application of the same HFS-induction paradigm induced LTP at the Schaffer c ...
... (100 Hz for 1 s, repeated 3 times at an interval of 10 s) failed to change synaptic strength (n ⫽ 8). Top: current traces averaged from 20 excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) before and after the application of HFS. B: application of the same HFS-induction paradigm induced LTP at the Schaffer c ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.