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... characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71). In addition, within the terminals of hypocretinergic axons are large dense core vesicles that contain hypocretin as well as other excitatory neuropeptides. Therefore, hypocretinergic neur ...
... characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71). In addition, within the terminals of hypocretinergic axons are large dense core vesicles that contain hypocretin as well as other excitatory neuropeptides. Therefore, hypocretinergic neur ...
Paper - Wharton Marketing
... relative value of leaving a depleting resource for a new one. Neurons fired during each sequential decision to stay in a patch and, for each travel time, these responses reached a fixed threshold for patch-leaving. Longer travel times reduced the gain of neural responses for choosing to stay in a pa ...
... relative value of leaving a depleting resource for a new one. Neurons fired during each sequential decision to stay in a patch and, for each travel time, these responses reached a fixed threshold for patch-leaving. Longer travel times reduced the gain of neural responses for choosing to stay in a pa ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... It should also be kept in mind that species differences in the parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas have been reported. In the mouse, parasympathetic axons provide input to both alpha and beta cells, while parasympathetic axons are rare in the human islets (64). The DMV, which contains pregan ...
... It should also be kept in mind that species differences in the parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas have been reported. In the mouse, parasympathetic axons provide input to both alpha and beta cells, while parasympathetic axons are rare in the human islets (64). The DMV, which contains pregan ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... 1987; Miazaki et al., 1999). Incubation of brain stem slices (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures) with GO significantly increased the AMPA/NMDA ratio measured in NTS neurons (from 2.1 ± 0.2, n = 11, to 3.3 ± 0.3, n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure S3), indicating that ambient glycine modulates NMDARs in ...
... 1987; Miazaki et al., 1999). Incubation of brain stem slices (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures) with GO significantly increased the AMPA/NMDA ratio measured in NTS neurons (from 2.1 ± 0.2, n = 11, to 3.3 ± 0.3, n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure S3), indicating that ambient glycine modulates NMDARs in ...
Computation with Spikes in a Winner-Take-All Network
... Vk Vj or when neuron j initially receives an external input spike frequency that is higher than that to neuron k. A leaky integrate-and-fire model will ensure that all membrane potentials are discharged (Vi = 0) at the onset of a stimulus. The network will then select the winning neuron after recei ...
... Vk Vj or when neuron j initially receives an external input spike frequency that is higher than that to neuron k. A leaky integrate-and-fire model will ensure that all membrane potentials are discharged (Vi = 0) at the onset of a stimulus. The network will then select the winning neuron after recei ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... then slowly modifies synaptic strengths until firing rates are restored. The timescale over which perturbations in firing are sensed and integrated, and the speed of the resulting homeostatic compensation, is still not entirely clear. On a theoretical level, the existence of “firing rate set points” ...
... then slowly modifies synaptic strengths until firing rates are restored. The timescale over which perturbations in firing are sensed and integrated, and the speed of the resulting homeostatic compensation, is still not entirely clear. On a theoretical level, the existence of “firing rate set points” ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... [88,91 –94], with greater susceptibility of ventral tier neurons of the SNc to degeneration in PD (and animal models of the disease) than those in the dorsal tier of SNc or the VTA [95,96]. Among other biochemical differences, dorsal tier SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-bu ...
... [88,91 –94], with greater susceptibility of ventral tier neurons of the SNc to degeneration in PD (and animal models of the disease) than those in the dorsal tier of SNc or the VTA [95,96]. Among other biochemical differences, dorsal tier SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-bu ...
The PLAT domain of LOV-1 interacts with ATP-2 to
... protein or protein–lipid interactions (Bateman and Sandford, 1999). An alternative possibility is that the polycystin PLAT domain functions as a ciliary localization signal. LOV-1 and PKD-2 localize to the ciliated sensory endings of male-specific neurons (Figure 1a) (Barr and Sternberg, 1999; Barr ...
... protein or protein–lipid interactions (Bateman and Sandford, 1999). An alternative possibility is that the polycystin PLAT domain functions as a ciliary localization signal. LOV-1 and PKD-2 localize to the ciliated sensory endings of male-specific neurons (Figure 1a) (Barr and Sternberg, 1999; Barr ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... Augustine 2001). Stoop and Poo (1996) demonstrated that BDNFinduced enhancement of synaptic transmission at cultured Xenopus neuromuscular junctions is correlated with an augmentation of presynaptic Ca2+ influx from extracellular space. Although it has been proposed that NT-induced enhancement of ne ...
... Augustine 2001). Stoop and Poo (1996) demonstrated that BDNFinduced enhancement of synaptic transmission at cultured Xenopus neuromuscular junctions is correlated with an augmentation of presynaptic Ca2+ influx from extracellular space. Although it has been proposed that NT-induced enhancement of ne ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... CO2 (Messier et al. 2004; Nattie et al. 2004). Finally, microinjection of a substance P antagonist causes respiratory arrest and death (G. F. Gebhart, personal communication; Aimone and Gebhart 1986). To determine whether microinjection into single sites of the VMM elicits single or multiple modulat ...
... CO2 (Messier et al. 2004; Nattie et al. 2004). Finally, microinjection of a substance P antagonist causes respiratory arrest and death (G. F. Gebhart, personal communication; Aimone and Gebhart 1986). To determine whether microinjection into single sites of the VMM elicits single or multiple modulat ...
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
... studies answer this question by identifying patterns of traits associated with particular selective forces. From a physiological perspective, however, this answer is incomplete. Life-history traits such as age at first reproduction, the timing of reproduction, or number/size of offspring per reprodu ...
... studies answer this question by identifying patterns of traits associated with particular selective forces. From a physiological perspective, however, this answer is incomplete. Life-history traits such as age at first reproduction, the timing of reproduction, or number/size of offspring per reprodu ...
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... modulate the neuronal activity of both basal ganglia output nuclei (4-6). In addition, recent studies have shown that the subthalamic nucleus receives direct excitatory projections from the primary motor cortex (7) and, more importantly, that the nucleus receives dopaminergic projections from the su ...
... modulate the neuronal activity of both basal ganglia output nuclei (4-6). In addition, recent studies have shown that the subthalamic nucleus receives direct excitatory projections from the primary motor cortex (7) and, more importantly, that the nucleus receives dopaminergic projections from the su ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... BDNF is involved in the development and differentiation of neurons. Recently, studies have suggested important roles for BDNF in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is critical for normal energy balance contains high levels of both BDNF and TrkB mRNA. Studies have ...
... BDNF is involved in the development and differentiation of neurons. Recently, studies have suggested important roles for BDNF in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is critical for normal energy balance contains high levels of both BDNF and TrkB mRNA. Studies have ...
Sympathetic nervous system and inflammation: A conceptual view
... [pelvic organs], regulation of energy balance and nutrition [including the gastrointestinal tract], regulation of circadian timing of body functions, regulation of body protection [including the immune defense]). We have some knowledge about the central circuits involved in cardiovascular regulation ...
... [pelvic organs], regulation of energy balance and nutrition [including the gastrointestinal tract], regulation of circadian timing of body functions, regulation of body protection [including the immune defense]). We have some knowledge about the central circuits involved in cardiovascular regulation ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... Hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vitro exhibit transient learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) a ...
... Hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vitro exhibit transient learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) a ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
Differential innervation of superficial versus deep - HAL
... Convergent data showed that bulbo-spinal serotonergic projections exert complex modulatory influences on nociceptive signaling within the dorsal horn. These neurons are located in the B3 area which comprises the median raphe magnus (RMg) and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular (LPGi) nuclei. Be ...
... Convergent data showed that bulbo-spinal serotonergic projections exert complex modulatory influences on nociceptive signaling within the dorsal horn. These neurons are located in the B3 area which comprises the median raphe magnus (RMg) and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular (LPGi) nuclei. Be ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.