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Dendritic Signal Integration
... the modulatory state of the neural network. Dendritic integration clearly depends on dendritic structure and ion channel expression, so the dramatic variations between cell types (Figure 1) will certainly lead to cellspecific differences in dendritic integration. One goal of dendritic physiologists ...
... the modulatory state of the neural network. Dendritic integration clearly depends on dendritic structure and ion channel expression, so the dramatic variations between cell types (Figure 1) will certainly lead to cellspecific differences in dendritic integration. One goal of dendritic physiologists ...
The role of the mirror neuron system in action understanding and
... neuron and the visual properties of the neuron. The relation in terms of general action between the observed and executed movement, for example grasping with the hand, is strict. Furthermore, they also have a strict relation in the manner in which the action was executed. An example is a neuron that ...
... neuron and the visual properties of the neuron. The relation in terms of general action between the observed and executed movement, for example grasping with the hand, is strict. Furthermore, they also have a strict relation in the manner in which the action was executed. An example is a neuron that ...
PDF File - Max-Planck
... Figure 1. MARK2 is expressed in the developing brain, and its levels can be effectively reduced in vitro and in vivo. A, B, Bⴕ, In situ hybridization of E14 brain sections shows high expression of MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels i ...
... Figure 1. MARK2 is expressed in the developing brain, and its levels can be effectively reduced in vitro and in vivo. A, B, Bⴕ, In situ hybridization of E14 brain sections shows high expression of MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels i ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... arbitrarily (and permanently) assigned to represent exactly one unique English word of the 10,000 most frequently seen words in a 1.4 billion word corpus of general proper English text (e.g., news stories). Concatenating the sentences of the corpus into one long string of words with punctuation (and ...
... arbitrarily (and permanently) assigned to represent exactly one unique English word of the 10,000 most frequently seen words in a 1.4 billion word corpus of general proper English text (e.g., news stories). Concatenating the sentences of the corpus into one long string of words with punctuation (and ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... repulsive chemicals sensed by neurons called AWB, ASH and ADL. The sensory neurons detect environmental chemicals using G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) encoded by ~1700 chemoreceptor genes, as well as other receptors (Robertson and Thomas, 2006). Each sensory neuron expresses many chemoreceptor ...
... repulsive chemicals sensed by neurons called AWB, ASH and ADL. The sensory neurons detect environmental chemicals using G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) encoded by ~1700 chemoreceptor genes, as well as other receptors (Robertson and Thomas, 2006). Each sensory neuron expresses many chemoreceptor ...
Novel approaches to explore mechanisms of
... In the present thesis, we have applied optogenetics to study these questions, a technology based on modified microbial membrane channels or pumps that are introduced into target neurons, which can thereafter be activated by light. This is a powerful means of achieving excitatory or inhibitory contro ...
... In the present thesis, we have applied optogenetics to study these questions, a technology based on modified microbial membrane channels or pumps that are introduced into target neurons, which can thereafter be activated by light. This is a powerful means of achieving excitatory or inhibitory contro ...
Contacts among non-sister dendritic branches at
... NR1 (A–C) or GluR2 (D) in red shows the highest concentration of these glutamate receptors at BDIs compared to other regions along the dendrites. (E) The fluorescence, per number of dendritic segments, measured within a 3.75 μm radius from the structure center, (mean ± STD, (p < 0.001 for NR1, p = 0 ...
... NR1 (A–C) or GluR2 (D) in red shows the highest concentration of these glutamate receptors at BDIs compared to other regions along the dendrites. (E) The fluorescence, per number of dendritic segments, measured within a 3.75 μm radius from the structure center, (mean ± STD, (p < 0.001 for NR1, p = 0 ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... used because bolus loading of calcium indicator necessitates an acute experiment. Urethane provides long-lasting, stable anesthesia for prolonged imaging experiments but does not permit recovery of the animal, necessitating the use of isoflurane during prestroke IOS imaging. A 4 ⫻ 4 mm piece of skul ...
... used because bolus loading of calcium indicator necessitates an acute experiment. Urethane provides long-lasting, stable anesthesia for prolonged imaging experiments but does not permit recovery of the animal, necessitating the use of isoflurane during prestroke IOS imaging. A 4 ⫻ 4 mm piece of skul ...
Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... Thomson et al., 1996). Many GABAergic synapses make connections with pyramidal cells (Johnson and Burkhalter, 1996), and when activated, they suppress excitation in postsynaptic neurons (Ferster and Jagadeesh, 1992). The inhibitory effects may involve hyperpolarization and blockade of action potenti ...
... Thomson et al., 1996). Many GABAergic synapses make connections with pyramidal cells (Johnson and Burkhalter, 1996), and when activated, they suppress excitation in postsynaptic neurons (Ferster and Jagadeesh, 1992). The inhibitory effects may involve hyperpolarization and blockade of action potenti ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... They are similar to classical neurotransmitters in the way they are stored (in vesicles) and released, but they differ in how they are inactivated. Most neurons contain multiple transmitters, often a classical one (such as dopamine) and one or more peptides (such as neurotensin or endorphins). The p ...
... They are similar to classical neurotransmitters in the way they are stored (in vesicles) and released, but they differ in how they are inactivated. Most neurons contain multiple transmitters, often a classical one (such as dopamine) and one or more peptides (such as neurotensin or endorphins). The p ...
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... Objectives.—To determine if the sensitization of the trigeminal system changes after dural activation of the trigeminal nerve during different stages of the rat estrous cycle. Background.—The specific mechanisms through which ovarian hormones trigger menstrual migraine are currently unknown. Past an ...
... Objectives.—To determine if the sensitization of the trigeminal system changes after dural activation of the trigeminal nerve during different stages of the rat estrous cycle. Background.—The specific mechanisms through which ovarian hormones trigger menstrual migraine are currently unknown. Past an ...
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and the cognitive map
... Each simulated neuron has a randomly chosen axonal delay in the range (1 ms:5 ms), this being realistic of the CA3 region (Miles, 1990). Previous research has indicated that the scale of axonal delays can have a significant effect on the quantitative, but not qualitative, nature of synaptic dynamics ...
... Each simulated neuron has a randomly chosen axonal delay in the range (1 ms:5 ms), this being realistic of the CA3 region (Miles, 1990). Previous research has indicated that the scale of axonal delays can have a significant effect on the quantitative, but not qualitative, nature of synaptic dynamics ...
The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... The Axon Initial Segment (AIS) of multipolar neurons is a key specialized region of utmost importance for neuronal physiology as it maintains axonal identity and generates action potentials. The AIS is regarded as a highly stable structure comprised by remarkably long-lived molecules, with the excep ...
... The Axon Initial Segment (AIS) of multipolar neurons is a key specialized region of utmost importance for neuronal physiology as it maintains axonal identity and generates action potentials. The AIS is regarded as a highly stable structure comprised by remarkably long-lived molecules, with the excep ...
Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of
... between the 2 strains. We measured blood pressure in 5-week-old SHR and WKY and then examined their GluR1 puncta density in the NTS. The 5-week-old SHR were not hypertensive (Figure 2A), and they did not have a greater number of GluR1-labeled puncta compared with age-matched WKY (Figure 2C). These r ...
... between the 2 strains. We measured blood pressure in 5-week-old SHR and WKY and then examined their GluR1 puncta density in the NTS. The 5-week-old SHR were not hypertensive (Figure 2A), and they did not have a greater number of GluR1-labeled puncta compared with age-matched WKY (Figure 2C). These r ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... also varied across the year, suggesting seasonal changes in GnRH influence of auditory processing. Exogenous application of GnRH (sGnRH and cGnRHII) caused a primarily inhibitory effect on auditory-evoked single neuron responses in the torus semicircularis. In the majority of neurons, GnRH caused a l ...
... also varied across the year, suggesting seasonal changes in GnRH influence of auditory processing. Exogenous application of GnRH (sGnRH and cGnRHII) caused a primarily inhibitory effect on auditory-evoked single neuron responses in the torus semicircularis. In the majority of neurons, GnRH caused a l ...
Tactile orientation perception: an ideal observer analysis of human
... reported that 50% of afferents but only 35% of S1 cortical neurons had nearly circular excitatory RF shapes (defined as aspect ratios ⬍1.5) at the time of peak response. Inhibitory sidebands may plausibly create or further enhance orientation selectivity (Hsiao et al. 2002). However, S1 cortical RF ...
... reported that 50% of afferents but only 35% of S1 cortical neurons had nearly circular excitatory RF shapes (defined as aspect ratios ⬍1.5) at the time of peak response. Inhibitory sidebands may plausibly create or further enhance orientation selectivity (Hsiao et al. 2002). However, S1 cortical RF ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... Deep pyramidal neurons were qualitatively described according to nomenclature found in previous neuromorphological research (e.g., Ngowyang 1932; Ferrer et al. 1986a, b). Descriptions for each neuron used qualitative criteria, such as cortical location, size, dendritic field patterns, presence of sp ...
... Deep pyramidal neurons were qualitatively described according to nomenclature found in previous neuromorphological research (e.g., Ngowyang 1932; Ferrer et al. 1986a, b). Descriptions for each neuron used qualitative criteria, such as cortical location, size, dendritic field patterns, presence of sp ...
- Hayden Lab
... risky to safe offers with matched expected values (Figure 2A). We quantified risk preferences by computing points of subjective equivalence (PSE) between safe offers and gambles (Hayden et al., 2007). The PSE for large reward (green) gambles (0.39 of the value of the safe offer) was lower than for m ...
... risky to safe offers with matched expected values (Figure 2A). We quantified risk preferences by computing points of subjective equivalence (PSE) between safe offers and gambles (Hayden et al., 2007). The PSE for large reward (green) gambles (0.39 of the value of the safe offer) was lower than for m ...
Structural Repair and Functional Recovery Following Cerebral
... for chemotactic and growth-promoting agents and axonal guidance by preferential adhesion to a connective tissue sheath. This latter proposed mechanism accounts for the observed sequence in which the neural elements unite in the tract stage and for the pattern of failures that result when the sheath ...
... for chemotactic and growth-promoting agents and axonal guidance by preferential adhesion to a connective tissue sheath. This latter proposed mechanism accounts for the observed sequence in which the neural elements unite in the tract stage and for the pattern of failures that result when the sheath ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... conserved positions along the underlying rhombomeric scaffold (Straka et al. 2001). Thus it is possible that 2° canal and 2° otolith neurons of all types are segmentally organized (Baker 1998; Straka et al. 2001; Suwa et al. 1999). Although rhombomeres generally are evident only during embryonic sta ...
... conserved positions along the underlying rhombomeric scaffold (Straka et al. 2001). Thus it is possible that 2° canal and 2° otolith neurons of all types are segmentally organized (Baker 1998; Straka et al. 2001; Suwa et al. 1999). Although rhombomeres generally are evident only during embryonic sta ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... innervates area X, a basal ganglia homolog within the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP). The AFP, which is essential to juvenile and adult audition-dependent vocal plasticity (Bottjer et al., 1984; Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Brainard and Doupe, 2000) and may facilitate song perception (Scharff et a ...
... innervates area X, a basal ganglia homolog within the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP). The AFP, which is essential to juvenile and adult audition-dependent vocal plasticity (Bottjer et al., 1984; Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Brainard and Doupe, 2000) and may facilitate song perception (Scharff et a ...
Stimulus Dependence of Local Field Potential Spectra: Experiment
... power is concentrated at low frequencies. This is a very natural choice for a model of external inputs to V1 during presentation of a natural movie because time changes of visual features in natural movies have been reported, both in general (Wong and Atick, 1995) and for the particular movies used ...
... power is concentrated at low frequencies. This is a very natural choice for a model of external inputs to V1 during presentation of a natural movie because time changes of visual features in natural movies have been reported, both in general (Wong and Atick, 1995) and for the particular movies used ...
Cardiovascular and autonomic modulation by
... The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions. The sympathetic tone, particularly for the cardiovascular system, is generated by sympathetic discharges originating in specific areas of the brainstem. Aerobic exercise training promot ...
... The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions. The sympathetic tone, particularly for the cardiovascular system, is generated by sympathetic discharges originating in specific areas of the brainstem. Aerobic exercise training promot ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.