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An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons to the TD error and the discovery that cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity is modulated by dopamine. However, as the phasic dopaminergic signal does not reproduce all the properties of the theoretical TD error, it is unclear whether it is capable of driving beha ...
... of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons to the TD error and the discovery that cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity is modulated by dopamine. However, as the phasic dopaminergic signal does not reproduce all the properties of the theoretical TD error, it is unclear whether it is capable of driving beha ...
J.H. Meijer, S. Michel, M.J. Vansteensel
... earth orbiting the sun. In order to cope with and anticipate these changes, most organisms throughout the plant and animal kingdom possess a circadian timing system. In mammals, the main circadian pacemaker is present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (Ralph et al., 1990). This bilateral brain st ...
... earth orbiting the sun. In order to cope with and anticipate these changes, most organisms throughout the plant and animal kingdom possess a circadian timing system. In mammals, the main circadian pacemaker is present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (Ralph et al., 1990). This bilateral brain st ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... of involved responses (i.e., in terms of short term and long-term mechanisms that control blood pressure) (Boron and Boulpaep, 2009). Short term regulation of blood pressure occurs within seconds to minutes, and is mediated predominantly by the baroreceptor and Starling reflexes. While these shortte ...
... of involved responses (i.e., in terms of short term and long-term mechanisms that control blood pressure) (Boron and Boulpaep, 2009). Short term regulation of blood pressure occurs within seconds to minutes, and is mediated predominantly by the baroreceptor and Starling reflexes. While these shortte ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... been made in understanding the dynamics of transmission both on a physiological and modeling level. Nevertheless, little is known about the processing of complex, long lasting stimulation patterns mimicking the input typically present in the intact brain. Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chro ...
... been made in understanding the dynamics of transmission both on a physiological and modeling level. Nevertheless, little is known about the processing of complex, long lasting stimulation patterns mimicking the input typically present in the intact brain. Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chro ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction ...
... synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction ...
The role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in neurodegenerative
... inhibition of these enzymes hence promote tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (Ostman et al., 2011). DSPs are important regulators of MAPK pathways, as they can dephosphorylate MAPKs on both phospho-threonine and phospho-tyrosine residues (Caunt and Keyse, 2012). Together PTPs and D ...
... inhibition of these enzymes hence promote tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (Ostman et al., 2011). DSPs are important regulators of MAPK pathways, as they can dephosphorylate MAPKs on both phospho-threonine and phospho-tyrosine residues (Caunt and Keyse, 2012). Together PTPs and D ...
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... more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). Accordingly, many specificity path ...
... more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). Accordingly, many specificity path ...
Segundo trabajo
... GDNF-mediated stimulation of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway promotes the arborization, but not the maturation, of GABA- and calbindin-positive striatal neurons We studied whether GDNF induces GABA and calbindin phenotypes, and the differentiation of these neuronal populations. The number of GABA-positive ...
... GDNF-mediated stimulation of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway promotes the arborization, but not the maturation, of GABA- and calbindin-positive striatal neurons We studied whether GDNF induces GABA and calbindin phenotypes, and the differentiation of these neuronal populations. The number of GABA-positive ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... Under this condition, a facilitatory feature of local neural circuits controlling AVP secretion becomes active, leading to further secretion of AVP. This inherent feature in the local circuit mainly includes: 1) adaptive reduction of osmosensory threshold, 2) removal of astrocytic restriction of AVP ...
... Under this condition, a facilitatory feature of local neural circuits controlling AVP secretion becomes active, leading to further secretion of AVP. This inherent feature in the local circuit mainly includes: 1) adaptive reduction of osmosensory threshold, 2) removal of astrocytic restriction of AVP ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... equivalent of the saccade neurons with buildup activity observed in the SC. FEF is also populated by fixation neurons that seem to parallel their counterparts in the SC84 . Hanes and Wurtz 69 showed that it was not possible to elicit saccades with microstimulation of the FEF, following reversible d ...
... equivalent of the saccade neurons with buildup activity observed in the SC. FEF is also populated by fixation neurons that seem to parallel their counterparts in the SC84 . Hanes and Wurtz 69 showed that it was not possible to elicit saccades with microstimulation of the FEF, following reversible d ...
Neural Correlates of Object-Associated Choice Behavior
... associated with either the pre-choice or post-choice period was significantly different (t test, ␣ ⫽ 0.01) from the baseline firing rate (i.e., mean firing rate for the 1 s period before the object cue appeared), the unit was labeled as event-responsive. Trials with missing timestamps or interevent ...
... associated with either the pre-choice or post-choice period was significantly different (t test, ␣ ⫽ 0.01) from the baseline firing rate (i.e., mean firing rate for the 1 s period before the object cue appeared), the unit was labeled as event-responsive. Trials with missing timestamps or interevent ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... (Hochbaum et al., 2014). Rhodopsin-based GEVIs are excited by red light and emit in the near infrared, enabling simultaneous use with optogenetic actuators, with minimal optical cross talk. However, the low brightness of these probes has been an obstacle to applications in vivo. One can enhance the ...
... (Hochbaum et al., 2014). Rhodopsin-based GEVIs are excited by red light and emit in the near infrared, enabling simultaneous use with optogenetic actuators, with minimal optical cross talk. However, the low brightness of these probes has been an obstacle to applications in vivo. One can enhance the ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... restored to a resting value when disturbed, but increases fast when a threshold value is crossed. Their model shows how spreading depolarization waves originate from tissue close to the ischemic core, depleting the metabolic stores in the tissue in the penumbra, thereby increasing the infarct size. ...
... restored to a resting value when disturbed, but increases fast when a threshold value is crossed. Their model shows how spreading depolarization waves originate from tissue close to the ischemic core, depleting the metabolic stores in the tissue in the penumbra, thereby increasing the infarct size. ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in primates. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes during the transitio ...
... importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in primates. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes during the transitio ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... constructing databanks on the connections and functional attributes of cortical areas. Here we used quantitative approaches to cortical mapping to investigate (i) if architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in adult rhesus monkeys have unique profiles and (ii) if groups of architectonic areas be ...
... constructing databanks on the connections and functional attributes of cortical areas. Here we used quantitative approaches to cortical mapping to investigate (i) if architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in adult rhesus monkeys have unique profiles and (ii) if groups of architectonic areas be ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... oscillations in vitro, but spindles have been observed in thalamic slices based on TCRE interactions (see Steriade et al. 1997 a detailed account of these issues). These in vitro spindles display the same intracellular features as in vivo. Computational models were designed to attempt clarifying the ...
... oscillations in vitro, but spindles have been observed in thalamic slices based on TCRE interactions (see Steriade et al. 1997 a detailed account of these issues). These in vitro spindles display the same intracellular features as in vivo. Computational models were designed to attempt clarifying the ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... on smooth muscle by releasing ATP, NO, and VIP. The synaptic transmission between the preganglionic cholinergic neurons and the postganglionic neurons involves nicotinic as well as muscarinic receptors. The vagal influence on the motor activity of gastrointestinal viscera is dependent on the organ’s ...
... on smooth muscle by releasing ATP, NO, and VIP. The synaptic transmission between the preganglionic cholinergic neurons and the postganglionic neurons involves nicotinic as well as muscarinic receptors. The vagal influence on the motor activity of gastrointestinal viscera is dependent on the organ’s ...
Hybrid Scheme for Modeling Local Field Potentials from Point
... the activity of point-neuron networks (e.g., population firing rates, synaptic currents and membrane potentials) has nevertheless been used as a proxy for the LFP when comparing with experiments. In a recent study comparing different candidate proxies, it was found that a suitably chosen sum of synap ...
... the activity of point-neuron networks (e.g., population firing rates, synaptic currents and membrane potentials) has nevertheless been used as a proxy for the LFP when comparing with experiments. In a recent study comparing different candidate proxies, it was found that a suitably chosen sum of synap ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.