Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... the lamina, the medulla and the lobula complex, which is split into an anterior part (lobula) and a posterior part (lobula plate). The retina contains within each ommatidium six outer photoreceptors, R1–R6, and two central ones, R7 and R8. Whereas R1–R6 terminate in the lamina, R7/R8 bypass the lami ...
... the lamina, the medulla and the lobula complex, which is split into an anterior part (lobula) and a posterior part (lobula plate). The retina contains within each ommatidium six outer photoreceptors, R1–R6, and two central ones, R7 and R8. Whereas R1–R6 terminate in the lamina, R7/R8 bypass the lami ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... In all species examined, with the exception of rodents, the axons of neocortical neurons form boutons in multiple separate clusters. Most descriptions of clusters are anecdotal, so here we developed an objective method for identifying clusters. We applied a mean-shift cluster-algorithm to three-dime ...
... In all species examined, with the exception of rodents, the axons of neocortical neurons form boutons in multiple separate clusters. Most descriptions of clusters are anecdotal, so here we developed an objective method for identifying clusters. We applied a mean-shift cluster-algorithm to three-dime ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation ...
... Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation ...
Pre-synaptic Terminal Dynamics in the Hippocampus
... Experience can shape the brain at specialized interneuronal connection sites, the synapses. Formation of synapses during development is thought to depend upon both genetic and environmental factors. Initial establishment of synaptic connections occurs independently of experience, followed by a perio ...
... Experience can shape the brain at specialized interneuronal connection sites, the synapses. Formation of synapses during development is thought to depend upon both genetic and environmental factors. Initial establishment of synaptic connections occurs independently of experience, followed by a perio ...
Stimulus Dependence of Local Field Potential Spectra: Experiment
... activity was recorded from opercular V1 (foval and parafoveal representations) using microelectrodes (300,800 kOhms; FHC). Signals were high-pass filtered (1 Hz; digital two-pole Butterworth filter), amplified using an Alpha Omega amplifier system and digitized at 20.83 kHz. The extracellular field ...
... activity was recorded from opercular V1 (foval and parafoveal representations) using microelectrodes (300,800 kOhms; FHC). Signals were high-pass filtered (1 Hz; digital two-pole Butterworth filter), amplified using an Alpha Omega amplifier system and digitized at 20.83 kHz. The extracellular field ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... CPA, caudal pressor area; MCPA, medullo cervical pressor area; IML, intermediolateral cell column; RVMM, rostral ventromedial medulla; VII, facial nucleus; RTN, retrotrapezoid nucleus; preBöt, preBötzinger neurons; VN, vestibular nucleus. (b) The baroreflex pathway is shown on its own. Stretch rec ...
... CPA, caudal pressor area; MCPA, medullo cervical pressor area; IML, intermediolateral cell column; RVMM, rostral ventromedial medulla; VII, facial nucleus; RTN, retrotrapezoid nucleus; preBöt, preBötzinger neurons; VN, vestibular nucleus. (b) The baroreflex pathway is shown on its own. Stretch rec ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of the beetle have been identified, first histochemically (Schooneveld 1970), and later immunohistochemically, with polyclonal antisera to vertebrate and invertebrate peptides (Veenstra and Schooneveld 1984; Veenstra et al. 1985) and with monoclon ...
... neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of the beetle have been identified, first histochemically (Schooneveld 1970), and later immunohistochemically, with polyclonal antisera to vertebrate and invertebrate peptides (Veenstra and Schooneveld 1984; Veenstra et al. 1985) and with monoclon ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... the ipsilateral inferior olive (-nucleus and dorsomedial cell column) as well as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. These olivary neurons are the exclusive source of vestibularly modulated climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of Psol neurons during natural vesti ...
... the ipsilateral inferior olive (-nucleus and dorsomedial cell column) as well as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. These olivary neurons are the exclusive source of vestibularly modulated climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of Psol neurons during natural vesti ...
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... MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle. B) They all travel at the same speed. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) T ...
... MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle. B) They all travel at the same speed. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) T ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... These weights define a suppressive field. The suppressive field may differ across neurons (hence the subscript j). For example, neurons in primary visual cortex whose summation fields are centred on different spatial locations would have suppressive fields that are centred at corresponding locations ...
... These weights define a suppressive field. The suppressive field may differ across neurons (hence the subscript j). For example, neurons in primary visual cortex whose summation fields are centred on different spatial locations would have suppressive fields that are centred at corresponding locations ...
- Brain Computer Interface - K
... Why we choose Sound Card • Fixed and Low Cost Acquisition Card • Easy in Implementation and installation • Ability to Convert from Analog to Digital with very high accuracy and vise versa • Easy Communication with Matlab • Ability to detect low Frequencies • Sampling Data in wide rang (8000 to 4410 ...
... Why we choose Sound Card • Fixed and Low Cost Acquisition Card • Easy in Implementation and installation • Ability to Convert from Analog to Digital with very high accuracy and vise versa • Easy Communication with Matlab • Ability to detect low Frequencies • Sampling Data in wide rang (8000 to 4410 ...
Intrinsic Cellular Properties and Connectivity Density Determine
... to a weak excitatory current pulse and thus are typically classified as Type I; these neurons are also known to exhibit reciprocal synapses to form an inhibitory network primarily containing only this type of interneuron (Karson et al., 2009; Ferguson et al., 2013). The tendency for these networks t ...
... to a weak excitatory current pulse and thus are typically classified as Type I; these neurons are also known to exhibit reciprocal synapses to form an inhibitory network primarily containing only this type of interneuron (Karson et al., 2009; Ferguson et al., 2013). The tendency for these networks t ...
OSBP coupled with ER-resident protein FAN is essential
... of Kes1p/Osh4p, a yeast ORP, suppresses the growth defect of a partial loss-of-function mutant of Drs2p. On the other hand, Drs2p also antagonizes the activity of Kes1p in intracellular cholesterol trafficking (MUTHUSAMY et al. 2009). The exact mechanism behind this mutual antagonistic activity betw ...
... of Kes1p/Osh4p, a yeast ORP, suppresses the growth defect of a partial loss-of-function mutant of Drs2p. On the other hand, Drs2p also antagonizes the activity of Kes1p in intracellular cholesterol trafficking (MUTHUSAMY et al. 2009). The exact mechanism behind this mutual antagonistic activity betw ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... al., 2005). An important but often overlooked observation in the original report by Yin et al. was that ZAMs also killed a large number of RGCs in vitro. This important observation has been overshadowed by the repair capacity of ZAMs. Indeed, follow-up studies concentrated on identifying only the pr ...
... al., 2005). An important but often overlooked observation in the original report by Yin et al. was that ZAMs also killed a large number of RGCs in vitro. This important observation has been overshadowed by the repair capacity of ZAMs. Indeed, follow-up studies concentrated on identifying only the pr ...
Document
... THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The normal body must accomplish a gigantic and enormously complex job—keeping itself alive and healthy. Each one of its billions of cells performs some activity that is a part of this function. Control of the body’s billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide c ...
... THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The normal body must accomplish a gigantic and enormously complex job—keeping itself alive and healthy. Each one of its billions of cells performs some activity that is a part of this function. Control of the body’s billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide c ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... frequency, and were indistinguishable from WT mice upon examination by an experienced observer. Male Nf1+/– mice (C57BL/6JOlaHsd, 430 generations) were crossed once with WT 129T2/SvEmsJ mice (Jackson Laboratories) to obtain F1 hybrid B6/129T2 heterozygous mutant and WT control mice. H-RasG12V mice i ...
... frequency, and were indistinguishable from WT mice upon examination by an experienced observer. Male Nf1+/– mice (C57BL/6JOlaHsd, 430 generations) were crossed once with WT 129T2/SvEmsJ mice (Jackson Laboratories) to obtain F1 hybrid B6/129T2 heterozygous mutant and WT control mice. H-RasG12V mice i ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
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... 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The me ...
... 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The me ...
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
... three groups separately managed to identify candidate Drosophila OR genes (Clyne et al. 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are encoded by a family of 60 genes through alternative splicing (Robertson et al. 2003, Su et a ...
... three groups separately managed to identify candidate Drosophila OR genes (Clyne et al. 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are encoded by a family of 60 genes through alternative splicing (Robertson et al. 2003, Su et a ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... lead to movement. To understand this, we recorded from identified corticospinal neurons in M1 and showed that, although many of these neurons exhibit mirror-like activity, there were major differences in their pattern and extent of discharge during action execution versus action observation. We trai ...
... lead to movement. To understand this, we recorded from identified corticospinal neurons in M1 and showed that, although many of these neurons exhibit mirror-like activity, there were major differences in their pattern and extent of discharge during action execution versus action observation. We trai ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... clean and topical antibiotics were administered on a daily basis. Following a 5-7 d period, the cats were adapted to the recording apparatus; thereafter, they exhibited spontaneous periods of wakefulness, quiet sleep, and active sleep. Experimental paradigm. Following the adaptation period, the dura ...
... clean and topical antibiotics were administered on a daily basis. Following a 5-7 d period, the cats were adapted to the recording apparatus; thereafter, they exhibited spontaneous periods of wakefulness, quiet sleep, and active sleep. Experimental paradigm. Following the adaptation period, the dura ...