The Olfactory Sensory Map in Drosophila
... by a family of 60 genes through alternative splicing.45 The fly OR genes encode a highly divergent family of membrane‑associated proteins that are selectively expressed in Drosophila OSNs.42‑44 These proteins are predicted to contain seven transmembrane domains, but contain no obvious homology to ve ...
... by a family of 60 genes through alternative splicing.45 The fly OR genes encode a highly divergent family of membrane‑associated proteins that are selectively expressed in Drosophila OSNs.42‑44 These proteins are predicted to contain seven transmembrane domains, but contain no obvious homology to ve ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... changes that occur in all tissues during metamorphosis in insects serve as an excellent model to study neuronal remodeling [11, 25, 26]. Neuronal remodeling of Drosophila mushroom body (MB) c neurons is an attractive system as it involves temporal, spatial and cell-type stereotypy. The original obse ...
... changes that occur in all tissues during metamorphosis in insects serve as an excellent model to study neuronal remodeling [11, 25, 26]. Neuronal remodeling of Drosophila mushroom body (MB) c neurons is an attractive system as it involves temporal, spatial and cell-type stereotypy. The original obse ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... integrated by an integrator (Gould 13-4615-70, Gould, Cleveland, OH, USA) with a reset time of 5 s. Signals were monitored with an oscilloscope (Tektronix 5113, Tucker, Dallas, TX, USA) and stored on a tape recorder (Neuro Data DR-886, New York, NY, USA) for later analysis. At the end of each experi ...
... integrated by an integrator (Gould 13-4615-70, Gould, Cleveland, OH, USA) with a reset time of 5 s. Signals were monitored with an oscilloscope (Tektronix 5113, Tucker, Dallas, TX, USA) and stored on a tape recorder (Neuro Data DR-886, New York, NY, USA) for later analysis. At the end of each experi ...
Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in
... Copyright © 2016 Bianca Seifert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic fa ...
... Copyright © 2016 Bianca Seifert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic fa ...
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey
... that includes the SC and is common to many vertebrates, and also suggest that this system may not be sensitive to face differences among the species. Furthermore, non-invasive human studies of patients with blindsight have suggested that the subcortical route, including the SC, the pulvinar, and the ...
... that includes the SC and is common to many vertebrates, and also suggest that this system may not be sensitive to face differences among the species. Furthermore, non-invasive human studies of patients with blindsight have suggested that the subcortical route, including the SC, the pulvinar, and the ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... We focused our analysis on retrogradely labeled planar and radiate neurons within the magnocellular core of the VCN. Other types of VCN neurons that project to the DCN (e.g., microneurons of the granule cell domain) were not examined in this study. Each section through the VCN was viewed using a flu ...
... We focused our analysis on retrogradely labeled planar and radiate neurons within the magnocellular core of the VCN. Other types of VCN neurons that project to the DCN (e.g., microneurons of the granule cell domain) were not examined in this study. Each section through the VCN was viewed using a flu ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... colliculus (IC), which is a major relay en route to the medial geniculate body (MGB; Malmierca et al., 2002; Malmierca and Merchán, 2004). Afferent projections to the IC are both excitatory and inhibitory (Oliver, 1984a, 1987; Shneiderman and Henkel, 1987; Saint Marie et al., 1989; Saint Marie and B ...
... colliculus (IC), which is a major relay en route to the medial geniculate body (MGB; Malmierca et al., 2002; Malmierca and Merchán, 2004). Afferent projections to the IC are both excitatory and inhibitory (Oliver, 1984a, 1987; Shneiderman and Henkel, 1987; Saint Marie et al., 1989; Saint Marie and B ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... iontophoretic current. This is similar to our previous finding that the level of iontophoretic current does not qualitatively alter the effects of serotonin on frequency tuning (Hurley and Pollak 2001), given a starting concentration of 20 mM in the iontophoresis pipette. Neurons were also usually sim ...
... iontophoretic current. This is similar to our previous finding that the level of iontophoretic current does not qualitatively alter the effects of serotonin on frequency tuning (Hurley and Pollak 2001), given a starting concentration of 20 mM in the iontophoresis pipette. Neurons were also usually sim ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... Most models of learning and memory assume that memories are maintained in neuronal circuits by persistent synaptic modifications induced by specific patterns of pre- and postsynaptic activity. For this scenario to be viable, synaptic modifications must survive the ubiquitous ongoing activity present ...
... Most models of learning and memory assume that memories are maintained in neuronal circuits by persistent synaptic modifications induced by specific patterns of pre- and postsynaptic activity. For this scenario to be viable, synaptic modifications must survive the ubiquitous ongoing activity present ...
On real-world temporal pattern recognition using Liquid State
... over time. Whether it’s growth, development or just plain physics, we’re surrounded with change. Nature equipped us very well to deal with it. We’re brilliant at detecting and coping with these changes, even as they do occur over completely different time scales. Trees and crop grow, people grow old ...
... over time. Whether it’s growth, development or just plain physics, we’re surrounded with change. Nature equipped us very well to deal with it. We’re brilliant at detecting and coping with these changes, even as they do occur over completely different time scales. Trees and crop grow, people grow old ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... widely used technique of placing electrodes in or near a neuron to measure its electrical potential. The electrodes can measure depolarisations of the axon and thus neural spiking. Direct recording of neural activation levels and spikes is, to a large degree, an ideal way of understanding the behavi ...
... widely used technique of placing electrodes in or near a neuron to measure its electrical potential. The electrodes can measure depolarisations of the axon and thus neural spiking. Direct recording of neural activation levels and spikes is, to a large degree, an ideal way of understanding the behavi ...
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... developing PNS, we studied the effects of a cleavage-resistant form of proNGF on two well-characterised populations of NGFdependent neurons cultured at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development. The neurons of the trigeminal ganglion and superior cervical ganglion (SCG) provide so ...
... developing PNS, we studied the effects of a cleavage-resistant form of proNGF on two well-characterised populations of NGFdependent neurons cultured at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development. The neurons of the trigeminal ganglion and superior cervical ganglion (SCG) provide so ...
Gating of Sensory Input by Spontaneous Cortical Activity
... a semiautomatic algorithm (http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net) followed by manual clustering (http://klusters.sourceforge.net). Only neurons with firing rates higher than 1 Hz were used in further analysis, resulting in population sizes 17, 26, 32, and 45 for the four rats, respectively. After spike ...
... a semiautomatic algorithm (http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net) followed by manual clustering (http://klusters.sourceforge.net). Only neurons with firing rates higher than 1 Hz were used in further analysis, resulting in population sizes 17, 26, 32, and 45 for the four rats, respectively. After spike ...
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
... actions are a response to certain stimuli means, in the simplest case, that the actions are performed when those stimuli occur and not when they do not occur. Since both the stimuli and the actions may be very complicated, the relationship between the two is very complicated. In order to simplify ou ...
... actions are a response to certain stimuli means, in the simplest case, that the actions are performed when those stimuli occur and not when they do not occur. Since both the stimuli and the actions may be very complicated, the relationship between the two is very complicated. In order to simplify ou ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the unanesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1097–1113, 1999. The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses ...
... neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the unanesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1097–1113, 1999. The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses ...
Neural Networks
... SNIPE 1 is a well-documented JAVA library that implements a framework for neural networks in a speedy, feature-rich and usable way. It is available at no cost for non-commercial purposes. It was originally designed for high performance simulations with lots and lots of neural networks (even large on ...
... SNIPE 1 is a well-documented JAVA library that implements a framework for neural networks in a speedy, feature-rich and usable way. It is available at no cost for non-commercial purposes. It was originally designed for high performance simulations with lots and lots of neural networks (even large on ...
Chapter.ID_5968_7x10CORRECTED
... 3. CYSTEINE/CYSTINE HOMEOSTASIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS Release of GSH from astrocytes supplies neurons with cysteine. This simple statement belies the inherent complexity of maintaining intracellular and extracellular GSH/GSSG and cysteine/cystine redox couples. GSH is a strong reducing agent, as the ...
... 3. CYSTEINE/CYSTINE HOMEOSTASIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS Release of GSH from astrocytes supplies neurons with cysteine. This simple statement belies the inherent complexity of maintaining intracellular and extracellular GSH/GSSG and cysteine/cystine redox couples. GSH is a strong reducing agent, as the ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... dimension = 10 X 26 mm) was placed over the contralateral MI (the right hemisphere for both monkeys). A mechanical device made it possible to fix the chamber and thus the animal's head during recordings. Glass-insulated tungsten microelectrodes (impedance = 0.5-1.5 Mfl at 1000 Hz) were inserted tran ...
... dimension = 10 X 26 mm) was placed over the contralateral MI (the right hemisphere for both monkeys). A mechanical device made it possible to fix the chamber and thus the animal's head during recordings. Glass-insulated tungsten microelectrodes (impedance = 0.5-1.5 Mfl at 1000 Hz) were inserted tran ...
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity: common themes
... the transition between potentiation and depression is very sharp (Fig. 1B). Later studies confirmed this in several brain regions and refined the temporal properties of plasticity (Magee and Johnston 1997; Zhang et al. 1998; Bi and Poo 1998; Feldman 2000; Sjöström et al. 2001). Fueled by these exper ...
... the transition between potentiation and depression is very sharp (Fig. 1B). Later studies confirmed this in several brain regions and refined the temporal properties of plasticity (Magee and Johnston 1997; Zhang et al. 1998; Bi and Poo 1998; Feldman 2000; Sjöström et al. 2001). Fueled by these exper ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction ...
... synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction ...
morphological changes in chick embryo neural tissue associated
... minimal disruption to neural tissue. These two fixating methods were applied to control neural tissue as well as tissues exposed to 0.137M and 0.685M hydrocortisone. When evaluated by TEM, the control tissue appeared to be intact with no displacement. Exposure of neurons to 0.137M hydrocortisone ...
... minimal disruption to neural tissue. These two fixating methods were applied to control neural tissue as well as tissues exposed to 0.137M and 0.685M hydrocortisone. When evaluated by TEM, the control tissue appeared to be intact with no displacement. Exposure of neurons to 0.137M hydrocortisone ...
Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... odorants within the receptor’s response profile, but not to other odorants. The relationship between odorants and receptors is many to many. Just as one receptor neuron responds to a range of odorants with similar molecular structures, so a single odorant molecule can be sensed by a number of recept ...
... odorants within the receptor’s response profile, but not to other odorants. The relationship between odorants and receptors is many to many. Just as one receptor neuron responds to a range of odorants with similar molecular structures, so a single odorant molecule can be sensed by a number of recept ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Fig. 2. Simplified schematics of the synaptic circuits in each compartment. The top left schematic shows the circuit for AMPA synapse, which is modeled as a low-pass filter (LPF). The top right schematic shows the NMDA synapse, which has a relatively long time constant and is sensitive to both the l ...
... Fig. 2. Simplified schematics of the synaptic circuits in each compartment. The top left schematic shows the circuit for AMPA synapse, which is modeled as a low-pass filter (LPF). The top right schematic shows the NMDA synapse, which has a relatively long time constant and is sensitive to both the l ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... cellular properties and surrounding network organization, including the expression of specific ion channels, short term synaptic plasticity at the afferent synapse, and network ...
... cellular properties and surrounding network organization, including the expression of specific ion channels, short term synaptic plasticity at the afferent synapse, and network ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...