Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... 1999). As smoking enhances cognitive arousal, it is possible that one site of nicotine action is on the hypocretin cell. Nicotine has been suggested to modulate hypocretin neurons or neurons innervated by hypocretin axons (Hollander et al. 2008; Plaza-Zabala et al. 2010), but little electrophysiolog ...
... 1999). As smoking enhances cognitive arousal, it is possible that one site of nicotine action is on the hypocretin cell. Nicotine has been suggested to modulate hypocretin neurons or neurons innervated by hypocretin axons (Hollander et al. 2008; Plaza-Zabala et al. 2010), but little electrophysiolog ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... concentration gradient. These proteins play an important role in determining how long chemical signals persist, and as a result drugs that inhibit transporters produce profound behavioural effects. ...
... concentration gradient. These proteins play an important role in determining how long chemical signals persist, and as a result drugs that inhibit transporters produce profound behavioural effects. ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... neurons; the fibrodendritic plexus forms laminae in the lateral part along which midbrain s o n s terminate. A smaller, possibly intrinsic, neuron with thin, sparse dendrites is rarely impregnated. Neurons in the larger, medial part, which represents frequencies of 60 kHz and higher, have more spher ...
... neurons; the fibrodendritic plexus forms laminae in the lateral part along which midbrain s o n s terminate. A smaller, possibly intrinsic, neuron with thin, sparse dendrites is rarely impregnated. Neurons in the larger, medial part, which represents frequencies of 60 kHz and higher, have more spher ...
The single dendritic branch as a fundamental
... these two different inputs. A similar scenario was described in basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, where high frequency input delivered to a single branch generates large NMDA spikes that lead to somatic burst firing [10], the size of the NMDA spike decreasing with distance from the soma ...
... these two different inputs. A similar scenario was described in basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, where high frequency input delivered to a single branch generates large NMDA spikes that lead to somatic burst firing [10], the size of the NMDA spike decreasing with distance from the soma ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
For Peer Review - diss.fu
... groups that provide dopamine and serotonin to the forebrain. The construct of parallel, functionally similar LHb efferents to monaminergic nuclei gives rise to possibility that one ...
... groups that provide dopamine and serotonin to the forebrain. The construct of parallel, functionally similar LHb efferents to monaminergic nuclei gives rise to possibility that one ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... Malenka, 2005), which are released from MSNs and exert apparent presynaptic effects (Yin and Lovinger, 2006) that may account for some of the reported actions of dopamine on synaptic vesicle cycling (Bamford et al., 2004; Bamford et al., 2008). LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimu ...
... Malenka, 2005), which are released from MSNs and exert apparent presynaptic effects (Yin and Lovinger, 2006) that may account for some of the reported actions of dopamine on synaptic vesicle cycling (Bamford et al., 2004; Bamford et al., 2008). LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimu ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... centers, including the MBs and the lateral horns. Interestingly, individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the p ...
... centers, including the MBs and the lateral horns. Interestingly, individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the p ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... heterogeneity in VTA neurons and that there are numerous opioid synaptic actions within the VTA. Here we review the role VTA neurons play in opioid reward and reinforcement, and the synaptic and neural circuit mechanisms by which opioids control VTA neuronal activity. How are we using the term rewar ...
... heterogeneity in VTA neurons and that there are numerous opioid synaptic actions within the VTA. Here we review the role VTA neurons play in opioid reward and reinforcement, and the synaptic and neural circuit mechanisms by which opioids control VTA neuronal activity. How are we using the term rewar ...
ABSTRACT The Auditory Brainstem Response: History and Future
... Action potentials Neurons receive many signals from other cells. These signals can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on which signaling molecules and protein receptors are used. Excitatory signals activate a traveling electric response from the neuron, while inhibitory signals prevent thi ...
... Action potentials Neurons receive many signals from other cells. These signals can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on which signaling molecules and protein receptors are used. Excitatory signals activate a traveling electric response from the neuron, while inhibitory signals prevent thi ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... If indeed Zn is coreleasedwith synaptically releasedglutamate, it might not only modify the postsynaptic effects of glutamate during the brief exposuresassociatedwith normal synaptic transmission, but it could also importantly modify the neurotoxicity of extracellular glutamate during the prolonged ...
... If indeed Zn is coreleasedwith synaptically releasedglutamate, it might not only modify the postsynaptic effects of glutamate during the brief exposuresassociatedwith normal synaptic transmission, but it could also importantly modify the neurotoxicity of extracellular glutamate during the prolonged ...
Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)
... animals’ spontaneous forelimb use (Schallert and Tillerson, 1999; Kirik et al., 2001). The animals were individually placed in a 20-cm-diameter glass cylinder, in which they move freely and explore while they were video filmed. The weight-shifting movements of the forepaws in contact with the wall o ...
... animals’ spontaneous forelimb use (Schallert and Tillerson, 1999; Kirik et al., 2001). The animals were individually placed in a 20-cm-diameter glass cylinder, in which they move freely and explore while they were video filmed. The weight-shifting movements of the forepaws in contact with the wall o ...
Neural Control of Movement: Motor Neuron Subtypes
... Movement is central for the life of animals. From the relatively simple but vital breathing movements to the subtler act of communicating an emotion through facial expression, in essence what is happening is a movement - a muscle contraction. Most of us perform these behaviors every day without any ...
... Movement is central for the life of animals. From the relatively simple but vital breathing movements to the subtler act of communicating an emotion through facial expression, in essence what is happening is a movement - a muscle contraction. Most of us perform these behaviors every day without any ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial synaptic rearrangements during development, which result in precise, mature neuronal circuitry. In many parts of the nervous system, elimination of exuberant inputs is a key process of developme ...
... they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial synaptic rearrangements during development, which result in precise, mature neuronal circuitry. In many parts of the nervous system, elimination of exuberant inputs is a key process of developme ...
I dc
... • Fractal Phase Space Structure [Complex Geometric Object with Fine Structure at Arbitrary Small Scales] ...
... • Fractal Phase Space Structure [Complex Geometric Object with Fine Structure at Arbitrary Small Scales] ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... [88,91 –94], with greater susceptibility of ventral tier neurons of the SNc to degeneration in PD (and animal models of the disease) than those in the dorsal tier of SNc or the VTA [95,96]. Among other biochemical differences, dorsal tier SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-bu ...
... [88,91 –94], with greater susceptibility of ventral tier neurons of the SNc to degeneration in PD (and animal models of the disease) than those in the dorsal tier of SNc or the VTA [95,96]. Among other biochemical differences, dorsal tier SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-bu ...
Fulltext - Jultika
... vision this means highly organised regular structure and function, where nearly identical photoreceptors have graded light responses in order to be able to handle as much information as possible. Instead, cockroach compound eyes show large amounts of irregularities in their optics and structure, and ...
... vision this means highly organised regular structure and function, where nearly identical photoreceptors have graded light responses in order to be able to handle as much information as possible. Instead, cockroach compound eyes show large amounts of irregularities in their optics and structure, and ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... MCH neurons also receive glutamatergic inputs, some of which may be from orexin neurons. Fast EPSCs are mediated by NMDA and non-NMDA receptors (122), whereas postsynaptic group I mGluRs provide another excitatory pathway to MCH neurons that induces a slow depolarization mediated by Na⫹/Ca2⫹ exchang ...
... MCH neurons also receive glutamatergic inputs, some of which may be from orexin neurons. Fast EPSCs are mediated by NMDA and non-NMDA receptors (122), whereas postsynaptic group I mGluRs provide another excitatory pathway to MCH neurons that induces a slow depolarization mediated by Na⫹/Ca2⫹ exchang ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... The staining intensity of single pixels was scored in gray scale units on the mounted digital pictures using the commercial program DP-soft and DOK U (Olympus). Gray scale units ranged between 0 (black) and 255 (white). The “gray values” of the 10 strongest stained pixels within the terminal region ...
... The staining intensity of single pixels was scored in gray scale units on the mounted digital pictures using the commercial program DP-soft and DOK U (Olympus). Gray scale units ranged between 0 (black) and 255 (white). The “gray values” of the 10 strongest stained pixels within the terminal region ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... healthy and to have establishednormal interactions with the target tissuein the eye up to ED 9 (Furber et al., 1987). Specifically, the ultrastructural appearance,mean nuclear diameter, and number of neurons in the ganglion, as well as the number of axons and the establishmentof axonal contact with ...
... healthy and to have establishednormal interactions with the target tissuein the eye up to ED 9 (Furber et al., 1987). Specifically, the ultrastructural appearance,mean nuclear diameter, and number of neurons in the ganglion, as well as the number of axons and the establishmentof axonal contact with ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... Submitted 1 March 2011; accepted in final form 6 September 2011 ...
... Submitted 1 March 2011; accepted in final form 6 September 2011 ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... case of aversive conditioning). If there is an increase in the proportion of the group of flies that orients toward the sucrose-associated odor post-training, flies are considered to have learned an odor preference (70). Both of these assays are classical conditioning paradigms in that the presentatio ...
... case of aversive conditioning). If there is an increase in the proportion of the group of flies that orients toward the sucrose-associated odor post-training, flies are considered to have learned an odor preference (70). Both of these assays are classical conditioning paradigms in that the presentatio ...
NIH Public Access
... interactions at some delays, but no inhibitory effect of the FM1 signal is observed. FM-FM neurons in this category have best delays of facilitation that are “short”, usually less than 6 ms (Fig. 3D, FM-FM Neurons). Neurons tuned to these delays respond best to sonar targets at distances less than 1 ...
... interactions at some delays, but no inhibitory effect of the FM1 signal is observed. FM-FM neurons in this category have best delays of facilitation that are “short”, usually less than 6 ms (Fig. 3D, FM-FM Neurons). Neurons tuned to these delays respond best to sonar targets at distances less than 1 ...
PDF - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... interest, but also over the preceding and following onsets and offsets (Aronov et al. 2008). For this reason, rate histograms of neurons with onset- and offset-locked firing appear periodic and exhibit side peaks and troughs. Thus, for each histogram with a significant rate change, we defined the “d ...
... interest, but also over the preceding and following onsets and offsets (Aronov et al. 2008). For this reason, rate histograms of neurons with onset- and offset-locked firing appear periodic and exhibit side peaks and troughs. Thus, for each histogram with a significant rate change, we defined the “d ...