Hikosaka O - lsr
... Recent studies have revealed that dopamine neurons may receive these reward-related signals from the LHb. A functional MRI (fMRI) study in which human subjects performed a motion-prediction task13 showed that the habenula (in addition to the anterior cingulate cortex and insula) was activated when a ...
... Recent studies have revealed that dopamine neurons may receive these reward-related signals from the LHb. A functional MRI (fMRI) study in which human subjects performed a motion-prediction task13 showed that the habenula (in addition to the anterior cingulate cortex and insula) was activated when a ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provide any evidence for the functional restoration in terms of integrated electrical activity between ...
... functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provide any evidence for the functional restoration in terms of integrated electrical activity between ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... Because different NR2 subunits confer distinct biophysical properties to NMDARs (Laurie and Seeburg, 1994), we then tested whether the change in AMPA/NMDA ratio during lactation was due to a switch in NMDAR subunits. This was done by comparing the kinetics of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs and by assessing th ...
... Because different NR2 subunits confer distinct biophysical properties to NMDARs (Laurie and Seeburg, 1994), we then tested whether the change in AMPA/NMDA ratio during lactation was due to a switch in NMDAR subunits. This was done by comparing the kinetics of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs and by assessing th ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... including the arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area (31), and it is clear that leptin signaling in these structures plays a pivotal role in regulating energy balance. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to the obvious q ...
... including the arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area (31), and it is clear that leptin signaling in these structures plays a pivotal role in regulating energy balance. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to the obvious q ...
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
... We recorded basic parameters describing the electrical excitability of the neurons that have been typically used in the literature. A sequence of depolarizing 500-ms-long rectangular current pulses of varying amplitudes was applied, and the action potential (AP) sequences were recorded. For analysis ...
... We recorded basic parameters describing the electrical excitability of the neurons that have been typically used in the literature. A sequence of depolarizing 500-ms-long rectangular current pulses of varying amplitudes was applied, and the action potential (AP) sequences were recorded. For analysis ...
LFP Power Spectra in V1 Cortex: The Graded Effect of Stimulus
... We studied the neural activity recorded in V1 of anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys to a series of grating patterns of ascending stimulus contrasts. The simultaneously sampled LFP and spike responses from these recordings were analyzed to clarify the conditions under which gamma-band components of t ...
... We studied the neural activity recorded in V1 of anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys to a series of grating patterns of ascending stimulus contrasts. The simultaneously sampled LFP and spike responses from these recordings were analyzed to clarify the conditions under which gamma-band components of t ...
- TestbankU
... positively charged ions flow in. This has caused the membrane potential to change suddenly from –70 to +50 millivolts. This will cause a (an) _____ to occur. a) resting state b) action potential c) negative charge d) positive charge Answer: b The sudden reversal of the resting potential of –70 milli ...
... positively charged ions flow in. This has caused the membrane potential to change suddenly from –70 to +50 millivolts. This will cause a (an) _____ to occur. a) resting state b) action potential c) negative charge d) positive charge Answer: b The sudden reversal of the resting potential of –70 milli ...
Introducing a New Product
... Somatic motor division carries information to the somatic effectors (skeletal muscles) ...
... Somatic motor division carries information to the somatic effectors (skeletal muscles) ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... underlying such events and their relation to visual dream experiences remains unclear. Here we used a unique opportunity to examine and compare neuronal activity associated with REMs in wakefulness and sleep by examining simultaneously recorded electro-oculogram (EOG) along with intracerebral EEG, a ...
... underlying such events and their relation to visual dream experiences remains unclear. Here we used a unique opportunity to examine and compare neuronal activity associated with REMs in wakefulness and sleep by examining simultaneously recorded electro-oculogram (EOG) along with intracerebral EEG, a ...
CHAPTER TWO - Test Bank 1
... 15. Which of the following best represents the order in which a neuron receives and transmits information? a) dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals Correct. The dendrite receives a message, the cell body processes it, the axon takes a message to the axon terminals, and the terminal buttons rele ...
... 15. Which of the following best represents the order in which a neuron receives and transmits information? a) dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals Correct. The dendrite receives a message, the cell body processes it, the axon takes a message to the axon terminals, and the terminal buttons rele ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1) - test bank and solution manual for your
... 15. Which of the following best represents the order in which a neuron receives and transmits information? a) dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals Correct. The dendrite receives a message, the cell body processes it, the axon takes a message to the axon terminals, and the terminal buttons rele ...
... 15. Which of the following best represents the order in which a neuron receives and transmits information? a) dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals Correct. The dendrite receives a message, the cell body processes it, the axon takes a message to the axon terminals, and the terminal buttons rele ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... paralleled that of wild-type mice. Spindles are restricted to specific regions of most jaw muscles (Bredman et al., 1991). This feature was especially conspicuous in the anterior masseter muscle in which spindles were restricted to the medial-inferior aspect of the muscle in wild-type as well as NT3 ...
... paralleled that of wild-type mice. Spindles are restricted to specific regions of most jaw muscles (Bredman et al., 1991). This feature was especially conspicuous in the anterior masseter muscle in which spindles were restricted to the medial-inferior aspect of the muscle in wild-type as well as NT3 ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... Some neuronal firings are of high frequency and some are of low frequency. This indicates that different types of neurons exist in the CVLM and possibly display different firing patterns or functions. For example, much evidence demonstrates that projecting neurons in the CVLM can transmit electrical ...
... Some neuronal firings are of high frequency and some are of low frequency. This indicates that different types of neurons exist in the CVLM and possibly display different firing patterns or functions. For example, much evidence demonstrates that projecting neurons in the CVLM can transmit electrical ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... cortex provides a valuable structural and functional framework within which to examine the distribution of GABAergic neurons. For example, the projections from the magnocellular and parvicellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to the striate cortex terminate in separate tiers of lami ...
... cortex provides a valuable structural and functional framework within which to examine the distribution of GABAergic neurons. For example, the projections from the magnocellular and parvicellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to the striate cortex terminate in separate tiers of lami ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... mediated in part by NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors (Uchimura et al., 1989; Pennartz et al., 1991). These excitatory responses are modulated by catecholamines, as indicated by the effects of stimulation of VTA or locus coeruleus, the major source of dopaminergic and noradrenergic inputs, respe ...
... mediated in part by NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors (Uchimura et al., 1989; Pennartz et al., 1991). These excitatory responses are modulated by catecholamines, as indicated by the effects of stimulation of VTA or locus coeruleus, the major source of dopaminergic and noradrenergic inputs, respe ...
The Use of Cross-Correlation Mapping in Identifying Backwards Projecting Connections between Visual Cortical Areas
... The technique pioneered by Sugihara et al [5]–Cross-Correlation Mapping (CCM)–uses the dynamical systems definition of causality. More specifically, CCM constructs shadow manifold for two variables in the proposed system using time-lagged coordinate embedding. That is, CCM creates a shadow manifold ...
... The technique pioneered by Sugihara et al [5]–Cross-Correlation Mapping (CCM)–uses the dynamical systems definition of causality. More specifically, CCM constructs shadow manifold for two variables in the proposed system using time-lagged coordinate embedding. That is, CCM creates a shadow manifold ...
Imaging Auditory Representations of Song and Syllables in
... AlexaFluor-594 dextran (10,000 MW, Invitrogen) or red fluorescent latex beads (Lumafluor) were injected into Area X or RA, respectively, 4 –7 d before imaging experiments. For n ⫽ 3 birds, dextran was injected into RA to make soma area measurements of HVCRA cells. Birds were anesthetized with isoflu ...
... AlexaFluor-594 dextran (10,000 MW, Invitrogen) or red fluorescent latex beads (Lumafluor) were injected into Area X or RA, respectively, 4 –7 d before imaging experiments. For n ⫽ 3 birds, dextran was injected into RA to make soma area measurements of HVCRA cells. Birds were anesthetized with isoflu ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... the skull, exposing the dura matter overlying the frontal cortex, and a stainless steel cylinder was implanted using dental acrylic. Prophylactic antibiotics were injected i.m. on the day of surgery and daily thereafter for 1 week. The recording and control system consisted of an infrared eye-moveme ...
... the skull, exposing the dura matter overlying the frontal cortex, and a stainless steel cylinder was implanted using dental acrylic. Prophylactic antibiotics were injected i.m. on the day of surgery and daily thereafter for 1 week. The recording and control system consisted of an infrared eye-moveme ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... of anandamide was suggested to be at the transmembrane or intracellular C-terminal site for the 7␣-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [37]. The effect of anandamide was mimicked by arachidonic acid, but anandamide metabolism inhibitors did not prevent the action of anandamide, whereas R-methanandamide ...
... of anandamide was suggested to be at the transmembrane or intracellular C-terminal site for the 7␣-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [37]. The effect of anandamide was mimicked by arachidonic acid, but anandamide metabolism inhibitors did not prevent the action of anandamide, whereas R-methanandamide ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... they arborize and form synapses with tectal neuron dendrites to form a retinotopic map, a highly ordered topographical map of the visual world. RGCs form the only neuronal connections between the eyes and the brain. Because RGCs convey all visual information to the brain, if RGCs do not develop prop ...
... they arborize and form synapses with tectal neuron dendrites to form a retinotopic map, a highly ordered topographical map of the visual world. RGCs form the only neuronal connections between the eyes and the brain. Because RGCs convey all visual information to the brain, if RGCs do not develop prop ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... Hypertension and the control of blood pressure Cardiovascular disease accounts for 1 out of 3 deaths in the United States each year, at a rate of 1 individual lost every 39 seconds (Roger et al., 2012a). Hypertension (HT), defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ ...
... Hypertension and the control of blood pressure Cardiovascular disease accounts for 1 out of 3 deaths in the United States each year, at a rate of 1 individual lost every 39 seconds (Roger et al., 2012a). Hypertension (HT), defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ ...
Operant conditioning and motor cortex - D
... rates of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) correlated with gross motor behavior [16], and had suggested that this correlation was indicative of a relatively direct, and causal, relationship between PTN activity and volitional movement [15]. Moreover, he reported evidence suggesting that the activity of ...
... rates of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) correlated with gross motor behavior [16], and had suggested that this correlation was indicative of a relatively direct, and causal, relationship between PTN activity and volitional movement [15]. Moreover, he reported evidence suggesting that the activity of ...
View Full Page PDF
... other EEG rhythms could be observed in certain behavioral states (469), or be induced by sensory stimulus (9). However, these macroscopic EEG signals, when recorded from the scalp, have small amplitudes and are spatially poorly localized. Better measurements could be obtained invasively using subdur ...
... other EEG rhythms could be observed in certain behavioral states (469), or be induced by sensory stimulus (9). However, these macroscopic EEG signals, when recorded from the scalp, have small amplitudes and are spatially poorly localized. Better measurements could be obtained invasively using subdur ...