The Basal Ganglia
... 60–130ms, regardless of the stimulus. They do not habituate. • Dopamine neurons respond specifically to primary food/fluid rewards when reward-predicting CSs are absent. They respond to incentive stimuli predicting reward, but this abolishes the response to the primary reward itself: the response is ...
... 60–130ms, regardless of the stimulus. They do not habituate. • Dopamine neurons respond specifically to primary food/fluid rewards when reward-predicting CSs are absent. They respond to incentive stimuli predicting reward, but this abolishes the response to the primary reward itself: the response is ...
1 Brain Development, SIDS and Shaken Baby By Rhonda Crabbs
... body size. The skull must be big enough to hold the brain, which is 25% of its adult weight at birth. The neonate’s body, by comparison is typically only 5% of its adult size. When an infant reaches the age of two, the brain is almost 75% of its adult weight and the body is only about 20% of its adu ...
... body size. The skull must be big enough to hold the brain, which is 25% of its adult weight at birth. The neonate’s body, by comparison is typically only 5% of its adult size. When an infant reaches the age of two, the brain is almost 75% of its adult weight and the body is only about 20% of its adu ...
Long-term channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression
... of unusual fluorescent dots in regions containing ChR2-labeled axons. We term these “ChR2 puncta.” The number of ChR2 puncta increased progressively with age, and by P100 were very dense and present in all cortical layers (Figures 1B,C). In contrast, puncta were not apparent in animals electroporate ...
... of unusual fluorescent dots in regions containing ChR2-labeled axons. We term these “ChR2 puncta.” The number of ChR2 puncta increased progressively with age, and by P100 were very dense and present in all cortical layers (Figures 1B,C). In contrast, puncta were not apparent in animals electroporate ...
LINKING PROPOSITIONS*
... cited as examples of linking propositions. Insofar as visual scientists are interested in explaining psychophysical data on the basis of the properties of the neural substrate, we must be said to be interested precisely in the formulation, testing, accepting and falsifying of linking propositions. Y ...
... cited as examples of linking propositions. Insofar as visual scientists are interested in explaining psychophysical data on the basis of the properties of the neural substrate, we must be said to be interested precisely in the formulation, testing, accepting and falsifying of linking propositions. Y ...
Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and
... and speed to asymptote. Although this criterion is commonly used, other more formal tests have been proposed. In cognitive science, the most widely used criteria come from Schneider and Shiffrin [83], who proposed that a behavior should be considered automatic if the triggering sensory events almost ...
... and speed to asymptote. Although this criterion is commonly used, other more formal tests have been proposed. In cognitive science, the most widely used criteria come from Schneider and Shiffrin [83], who proposed that a behavior should be considered automatic if the triggering sensory events almost ...
Mental Set Alters Visibility of Moving Targets Mental Set
... dots were now of sufficiently high luminance (about 25 db above threshold) to make them easily visible. Eac:h trial began with a blank CRT; the dolts then appeared and remained motion less for a random interval (1 to 2 secon ds). Without warning, the dots all bega n to move along parallel paths at 4 ...
... dots were now of sufficiently high luminance (about 25 db above threshold) to make them easily visible. Eac:h trial began with a blank CRT; the dolts then appeared and remained motion less for a random interval (1 to 2 secon ds). Without warning, the dots all bega n to move along parallel paths at 4 ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... The mammalian visual system has a remarkable capacity of processing a large amount of information within milliseconds under widely varying conditions into invariant representations. Recently a model of the primary visual system exploited the unique feature of dense local excitatory connectivity of t ...
... The mammalian visual system has a remarkable capacity of processing a large amount of information within milliseconds under widely varying conditions into invariant representations. Recently a model of the primary visual system exploited the unique feature of dense local excitatory connectivity of t ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
Neural realisation of the SP theory
... 2.4 Production of sentences and other patterns An attractive feature of the SP system is that, without any modification, it can support the production of language (or other patterns of knowledge) as well as its analysis. If SP61 is run again, with the sentence in New replaced by the encoded form of ...
... 2.4 Production of sentences and other patterns An attractive feature of the SP system is that, without any modification, it can support the production of language (or other patterns of knowledge) as well as its analysis. If SP61 is run again, with the sentence in New replaced by the encoded form of ...
Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience
... similarity, but to similarity arising from different sources. The terms can be applied to any biological characteristic or feature, including brain structures and even behavior. In our efforts to understand brain evolution, features of brains are compared across species, and it is important to deduc ...
... similarity, but to similarity arising from different sources. The terms can be applied to any biological characteristic or feature, including brain structures and even behavior. In our efforts to understand brain evolution, features of brains are compared across species, and it is important to deduc ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... map on a moment-by-moment basis, and eye movements are guided to the peak of the map. We believe that the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of posterior parietal cortex acts as such a map in which features or locations are represented by levels of activity related to the attentional priority at that ...
... map on a moment-by-moment basis, and eye movements are guided to the peak of the map. We believe that the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of posterior parietal cortex acts as such a map in which features or locations are represented by levels of activity related to the attentional priority at that ...
Astrocyteneuron interaction in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal
... 1Ab, upper panel), whereas astrocytes possessed many bushy processes (Fig. 1Ab, lower panel). As both cell types were of similar shape and size (diameter, 7 mm), under our recording conditions, neurons could be discriminated from astrocytes only by their abilities to fire action potentials in the c ...
... 1Ab, upper panel), whereas astrocytes possessed many bushy processes (Fig. 1Ab, lower panel). As both cell types were of similar shape and size (diameter, 7 mm), under our recording conditions, neurons could be discriminated from astrocytes only by their abilities to fire action potentials in the c ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... atropine blocked arousal-associatedneocortical desynchronization (Wikler, 1952; Herz, 1959) and (3) that an AChE-rich projection originated from the brain stem and extended to or through the thalamus (Shute and Lewis, 1967). Experimental data accumulated over the last several years indicate, however ...
... atropine blocked arousal-associatedneocortical desynchronization (Wikler, 1952; Herz, 1959) and (3) that an AChE-rich projection originated from the brain stem and extended to or through the thalamus (Shute and Lewis, 1967). Experimental data accumulated over the last several years indicate, however ...
Sleep and sleep states: Thalamic regulation
... the cortex. However, cutting intracortical connections has no effect on large-scale synchrony, so cortical connections are not responsible for organizing the synchrony of sleep spindles. The mechanisms for large-scale synchrony were investigated by computational models by first simulating the propag ...
... the cortex. However, cutting intracortical connections has no effect on large-scale synchrony, so cortical connections are not responsible for organizing the synchrony of sleep spindles. The mechanisms for large-scale synchrony were investigated by computational models by first simulating the propag ...
Chapter 4 Notes Power Point
... •Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any kind of human cell. •In recent years, scientists have successfully reprogrammed cells from adult organs (skin cells), to become stem cells. These are called “induced pluripotent stem (IPS)” cells. •Patient-advocacy groups hope that transplanted stem c ...
... •Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any kind of human cell. •In recent years, scientists have successfully reprogrammed cells from adult organs (skin cells), to become stem cells. These are called “induced pluripotent stem (IPS)” cells. •Patient-advocacy groups hope that transplanted stem c ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... erring among in nitely recurrent integral equations. I should also thank Skander Mensi and Christian Pozzorini; they were my rst instructors for the Generalized Linear Model approach, they kindly shared their data with me, and were very patient in answering my many questions. Finally, I am very gr ...
... erring among in nitely recurrent integral equations. I should also thank Skander Mensi and Christian Pozzorini; they were my rst instructors for the Generalized Linear Model approach, they kindly shared their data with me, and were very patient in answering my many questions. Finally, I am very gr ...
How Is the Brain Organized?
... idea of how the nervous system functions, at least in a general way. That knowledge is the subject of this chapter. But before we turn our attention to the operation manual for the brain and the rest of the nervous system, let us examine what the brain is designed to do. Knowing the brain’s function ...
... idea of how the nervous system functions, at least in a general way. That knowledge is the subject of this chapter. But before we turn our attention to the operation manual for the brain and the rest of the nervous system, let us examine what the brain is designed to do. Knowing the brain’s function ...
Effects of acetylcholine on neuronal properties in entorhinal cortex James G. Heys
... there are neurons in the MSDB that express a range of classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones, this review focuses on the population of putative cholinergic neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the separate population of GABAergic neurons expressing GAD, which together compr ...
... there are neurons in the MSDB that express a range of classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones, this review focuses on the population of putative cholinergic neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the separate population of GABAergic neurons expressing GAD, which together compr ...
sample - Testbankonline.Com
... ability to learn, or the chapter on intelligence when talking about the biological basis of intelligence. Another option would be to use the example throughout the semester for the various chapters as a means of unifying the content from a number of different perspectives. Joe Tsien and colleagues a ...
... ability to learn, or the chapter on intelligence when talking about the biological basis of intelligence. Another option would be to use the example throughout the semester for the various chapters as a means of unifying the content from a number of different perspectives. Joe Tsien and colleagues a ...
Document
... Three membranes called meninges envelop the nervous system. At the CNS level they are easily recognized as dura mater (pachymeninx), arachnoid mater and pia mater (the last two forming together so-called leptomeninges). At the level of the PNS these membranes continue as the sheaths of peripheral ne ...
... Three membranes called meninges envelop the nervous system. At the CNS level they are easily recognized as dura mater (pachymeninx), arachnoid mater and pia mater (the last two forming together so-called leptomeninges). At the level of the PNS these membranes continue as the sheaths of peripheral ne ...
binding, internalization, and retrograde transport of `251
... no tissue. Background levels, grains per pm2, were constant over each individual grid; these values were used where necessary to correct for background in determining real grain counts. From each grid, one or two grid squares were analyzed. In each square, all of the cellular material was photograph ...
... no tissue. Background levels, grains per pm2, were constant over each individual grid; these values were used where necessary to correct for background in determining real grain counts. From each grid, one or two grid squares were analyzed. In each square, all of the cellular material was photograph ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... At early stages of neural development, neurons send out axons to their appropriate target regions under the guidance of various molecular cues. Once growing axons arrived at their target area they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial sy ...
... At early stages of neural development, neurons send out axons to their appropriate target regions under the guidance of various molecular cues. Once growing axons arrived at their target area they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial sy ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... essentialcomponent of sensory circuits, and knowledge of receptive field development is important in understandingfunctional differentiation of sensorypathways. To understand better the development and maturation of neural circuits for salt taste processing,we have mademeasures of receptive field si ...
... essentialcomponent of sensory circuits, and knowledge of receptive field development is important in understandingfunctional differentiation of sensorypathways. To understand better the development and maturation of neural circuits for salt taste processing,we have mademeasures of receptive field si ...