Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good
... as neuroeconomics (Glimcher et al. 2008). In a nutshell, research in neuroeconomics aspires to describe the neurobiological processes and cognitive mechanisms that underlie economic choices. Although the field is still in its infancy, significant progress has been made already. Examples of economic ch ...
... as neuroeconomics (Glimcher et al. 2008). In a nutshell, research in neuroeconomics aspires to describe the neurobiological processes and cognitive mechanisms that underlie economic choices. Although the field is still in its infancy, significant progress has been made already. Examples of economic ch ...
Quantitative analysis of APP axonal transport in neurons: role of
... microscopy system (Araki et al., 2007). APP cargo was subject to fast anterograde transport (2.73 ± 0.69 μm/s, n = 533) in wild-type neurons (Figure 1A and Supplemental Movie S1A) but was transported anterogradely with a reduced average velocity of 1.83 ± 0.49 μm/s (n = 538) in neurons lacking JIP1 ...
... microscopy system (Araki et al., 2007). APP cargo was subject to fast anterograde transport (2.73 ± 0.69 μm/s, n = 533) in wild-type neurons (Figure 1A and Supplemental Movie S1A) but was transported anterogradely with a reduced average velocity of 1.83 ± 0.49 μm/s (n = 538) in neurons lacking JIP1 ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... function in the mature central nervous system (e.g. support of neurons, blood–brain barrier formation, and modulation of neuronal activity) are probably very similar at the molecular level. Key aspects of neuronal development – from axon pathfinding to the sculpting of synaptic connections – are als ...
... function in the mature central nervous system (e.g. support of neurons, blood–brain barrier formation, and modulation of neuronal activity) are probably very similar at the molecular level. Key aspects of neuronal development – from axon pathfinding to the sculpting of synaptic connections – are als ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
The Matrix Protein Hikaru genki Localizes to Cholinergic Synaptic
... (Fig. 1I). These immunohistochemical data from antennal lobe, MB, and other brain regions, including the optic lobes (see Fig. 3 A, B), indicated that Hig predominantly localized to cholinergic synapses in the brain. To further analyze the discrete pattern of Hig in the microglomeruli, brains were s ...
... (Fig. 1I). These immunohistochemical data from antennal lobe, MB, and other brain regions, including the optic lobes (see Fig. 3 A, B), indicated that Hig predominantly localized to cholinergic synapses in the brain. To further analyze the discrete pattern of Hig in the microglomeruli, brains were s ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
Neural Networks
... parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This also implies that those who do not want to use Snipe, simultaneously. Recently, I decided to just have to skip the shaded ...
... parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This also implies that those who do not want to use Snipe, simultaneously. Recently, I decided to just have to skip the shaded ...
Neural Networks
... parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This also implies that those who do not want to use Snipe, simultaneously. Recently, I decided to just have to skip the shaded ...
... parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This also implies that those who do not want to use Snipe, simultaneously. Recently, I decided to just have to skip the shaded ...
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus
... system invariantly employ linear transfer characteristics to describe these other types of neurons. Third, even though oculomotor neurons do have nonlinear characteristics (they essentially behave as rectifiers, since they are recruited beyond a threshold), it is thought that the output of the total ...
... system invariantly employ linear transfer characteristics to describe these other types of neurons. Third, even though oculomotor neurons do have nonlinear characteristics (they essentially behave as rectifiers, since they are recruited beyond a threshold), it is thought that the output of the total ...
Chapter 122: Neurocircuitry Of Parkinson`s Disease
... Although it appears that only a small minority of patients suffer from purely inherited forms of PD, investigations into the genetic mechanism that may underlie these cases are being very actively pursued in hopes of discovering pathogenetic mechanism for parkinsonism in general. Inherited forms of ...
... Although it appears that only a small minority of patients suffer from purely inherited forms of PD, investigations into the genetic mechanism that may underlie these cases are being very actively pursued in hopes of discovering pathogenetic mechanism for parkinsonism in general. Inherited forms of ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, we were interested to understand which specific info ...
... drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, we were interested to understand which specific info ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... ulus features (7, 8). The tight coupling of excitation and inhibition suggests a more precise, detailed balance, in which each excitatory input arrives at the cell together with an inhibitory counterpart (Fig. 1A), permitting sensory inputs to be transiently (9) or persistently turned on by targeted ...
... ulus features (7, 8). The tight coupling of excitation and inhibition suggests a more precise, detailed balance, in which each excitatory input arrives at the cell together with an inhibitory counterpart (Fig. 1A), permitting sensory inputs to be transiently (9) or persistently turned on by targeted ...
Noise and Coupling Affect Signal Detection and Bursting in a
... makes them ideal candidates for physiological SR (Stacey and Durand 2000, 2001). It is quite possible that AESR and CR also have physiological effects in the CA1 layer due to the network organization. The presence of these phenomena in the brain would have broad implications for normal signal detect ...
... makes them ideal candidates for physiological SR (Stacey and Durand 2000, 2001). It is quite possible that AESR and CR also have physiological effects in the CA1 layer due to the network organization. The presence of these phenomena in the brain would have broad implications for normal signal detect ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... spared and control cortex at 36–37°C. Pairs of neurons in spared cortex were recorded from either the D barrel column in slices from A–C row trimmed rats (n = 9; Fig. 1A), or the C barrel column in slices from D–E row trimmed rats (n = 3). Pairs of neurons in control cortex were recorded in either t ...
... spared and control cortex at 36–37°C. Pairs of neurons in spared cortex were recorded from either the D barrel column in slices from A–C row trimmed rats (n = 9; Fig. 1A), or the C barrel column in slices from D–E row trimmed rats (n = 3). Pairs of neurons in control cortex were recorded in either t ...
Selective Loss of Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide
... (DRG) cell bodies were estimated in diabetic and nondiabetic BALB/C (p75ⴙ/ⴙ) and p75 receptor knockout (p75ⴚ/ⴚ) mice with unilateral sciatic nerve crush. The total numbers of immunoreactive substance P A-cells, substance P B-cells, CGRP A-cells, and CGRP B-cells in L5DRG were estimated using semithi ...
... (DRG) cell bodies were estimated in diabetic and nondiabetic BALB/C (p75ⴙ/ⴙ) and p75 receptor knockout (p75ⴚ/ⴚ) mice with unilateral sciatic nerve crush. The total numbers of immunoreactive substance P A-cells, substance P B-cells, CGRP A-cells, and CGRP B-cells in L5DRG were estimated using semithi ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... The movements of the embryos were filmed using a CCD camera (Panasonic wv-bp510) mounted on a dissection microscope. Video fields (two per frame) were recorded on a VCR (Panasonic S-VHS), which was sufficient to resolve the direction, speed, and duration of slow, spontaneous contractions. For the re ...
... The movements of the embryos were filmed using a CCD camera (Panasonic wv-bp510) mounted on a dissection microscope. Video fields (two per frame) were recorded on a VCR (Panasonic S-VHS), which was sufficient to resolve the direction, speed, and duration of slow, spontaneous contractions. For the re ...
Oscillatory phase coupling coordinates
... Fig. 2. Spike timing in single neurons depends on oscillatory phase coupling between multiple brain areas. (A) Example of a neuron where the probability of spiking depends on frequency-specific LFP phase in multiple areas. The neuron is located in right primary motor cortex (M1). Colored traces repre ...
... Fig. 2. Spike timing in single neurons depends on oscillatory phase coupling between multiple brain areas. (A) Example of a neuron where the probability of spiking depends on frequency-specific LFP phase in multiple areas. The neuron is located in right primary motor cortex (M1). Colored traces repre ...
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... response. The frequency at which this threshold response occurred was defined as the characteristic frequency (CF). For 10, 20, 30, and 40 dB above threshold, the lowest and highest tone frequencies that elicited a reliable response and were contiguous with the rest of the frequencies within the ban ...
... response. The frequency at which this threshold response occurred was defined as the characteristic frequency (CF). For 10, 20, 30, and 40 dB above threshold, the lowest and highest tone frequencies that elicited a reliable response and were contiguous with the rest of the frequencies within the ban ...
The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and its role in
... 3.3. Activation by an elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ level Like cAMP, Ca2+ functions as a second messenger in a variety of cellular processes (Ghosh and Greenberg, 1995). In the nervous system, changes in membrane potential can increase intracellular Ca2+ levels via several mechanisms. Release of n ...
... 3.3. Activation by an elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ level Like cAMP, Ca2+ functions as a second messenger in a variety of cellular processes (Ghosh and Greenberg, 1995). In the nervous system, changes in membrane potential can increase intracellular Ca2+ levels via several mechanisms. Release of n ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... al., 1994) and (medial) superior olive (Guinan et al., 1972; Grothe et al., 1997, 2001). Offset responding neurons have also been observed in the (medial) superior olivary complex (Guinan et al., 1972; Grothe et al., 1997, 2001), where dense excitatory projections lead into the ICc (Oliver et al., 1 ...
... al., 1994) and (medial) superior olive (Guinan et al., 1972; Grothe et al., 1997, 2001). Offset responding neurons have also been observed in the (medial) superior olivary complex (Guinan et al., 1972; Grothe et al., 1997, 2001), where dense excitatory projections lead into the ICc (Oliver et al., 1 ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... part of the frontal lobe during action observation. Specifically, the targeted brain area was the region near the arcuate sulcus. Interestingly area F5c, in which mirror neurons are usually found, responded only when the individual grasping the object was in full view. Merely seeing a hand (detached ...
... part of the frontal lobe during action observation. Specifically, the targeted brain area was the region near the arcuate sulcus. Interestingly area F5c, in which mirror neurons are usually found, responded only when the individual grasping the object was in full view. Merely seeing a hand (detached ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... Subplate neurons can be deleted by injections of kainic acid into the subplate at E43. The vast majority of later-generated neurons of the cortical plate remain intact (Chun and Shatz, 1988b), presumably because at these early ages they are sufficiently immature to be insensitive to kainate neurotox ...
... Subplate neurons can be deleted by injections of kainic acid into the subplate at E43. The vast majority of later-generated neurons of the cortical plate remain intact (Chun and Shatz, 1988b), presumably because at these early ages they are sufficiently immature to be insensitive to kainate neurotox ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.