THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... secretion of BDNF from hippo campal neurons. Therefore, the mature domain of BDNF contains a motif that is essential for the binary decision of sorting to the regulated secretory pathway. Given the importance of the sorting motif in the mature domain, what is the role of the pro-domain in secretion? ...
... secretion of BDNF from hippo campal neurons. Therefore, the mature domain of BDNF contains a motif that is essential for the binary decision of sorting to the regulated secretory pathway. Given the importance of the sorting motif in the mature domain, what is the role of the pro-domain in secretion? ...
Pacemaker Potentials for the Periodic Burst Discharge in the Heart
... ABSTRACT From somata of the pacemaker neurons in the Squilla heart ganglion, pacemaker potentials for the spontaneous periodic burst discharge are recorded with intracellular electrodes. The electrical activity is composed of slow potentials and superimposed spikes, and is divided into four types, w ...
... ABSTRACT From somata of the pacemaker neurons in the Squilla heart ganglion, pacemaker potentials for the spontaneous periodic burst discharge are recorded with intracellular electrodes. The electrical activity is composed of slow potentials and superimposed spikes, and is divided into four types, w ...
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN
... monocularity in kitten visual cortex, a monocularity index (MI) was employed (Stryker and Harris, 1986). Again, seven ocular dominance categories were used, but in this case, category number 1 contained units which responded only to visual stimulation of the eye contralateral to the hemisphere being ...
... monocularity in kitten visual cortex, a monocularity index (MI) was employed (Stryker and Harris, 1986). Again, seven ocular dominance categories were used, but in this case, category number 1 contained units which responded only to visual stimulation of the eye contralateral to the hemisphere being ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
... GALP and its receptors GALP was originally discovered as an endogenous ligand for galanin receptors in the porcine hypothalamus.7,11,26 The GALP gene comprises six exons with a structural organization similar to that of galanin (Figure 1).7,11 GALP is encoded by a distinct gene located on chromosome ...
... GALP and its receptors GALP was originally discovered as an endogenous ligand for galanin receptors in the porcine hypothalamus.7,11,26 The GALP gene comprises six exons with a structural organization similar to that of galanin (Figure 1).7,11 GALP is encoded by a distinct gene located on chromosome ...
The organization of the central control of micturition in cats and
... lateral corticospinal tract by a cerebral stroke in the internal capsule results in a paralysis of one or more contralateral limbs. The rubrospinal tract, originating in the nucleus ruber in the mesencephalon, also plays an important role in the lateral component, but not in humans, where it seems t ...
... lateral corticospinal tract by a cerebral stroke in the internal capsule results in a paralysis of one or more contralateral limbs. The rubrospinal tract, originating in the nucleus ruber in the mesencephalon, also plays an important role in the lateral component, but not in humans, where it seems t ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... the neurons’ responses to that of the local field potential (LFP) recorded in close vicinity. We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, ...
... the neurons’ responses to that of the local field potential (LFP) recorded in close vicinity. We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, ...
The basal ganglia: from motor commands to the
... occurs during movement execution [31], this has been less clear in rodents. For example, rats trained to run a T-maze will generally show ‘task-bracketing’ activity that emerges with sustained training [35]. For more discrete actions, such as bouts of cyclical arm movements during grooming [36] or ...
... occurs during movement execution [31], this has been less clear in rodents. For example, rats trained to run a T-maze will generally show ‘task-bracketing’ activity that emerges with sustained training [35]. For more discrete actions, such as bouts of cyclical arm movements during grooming [36] or ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... Homeostasis is a regulatory mechanism of an open system to maintain its internal equilibrium by means of continuous dynamic adjustments. The term was coined by Walter Cannon in 1932, derived from the Greek words ‘homoios’ which means ‘similar’/‘same’ and ‘stasis’ which means ‘standing still’. He sug ...
... Homeostasis is a regulatory mechanism of an open system to maintain its internal equilibrium by means of continuous dynamic adjustments. The term was coined by Walter Cannon in 1932, derived from the Greek words ‘homoios’ which means ‘similar’/‘same’ and ‘stasis’ which means ‘standing still’. He sug ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... input to the DR and may contribute an emotional influence on sleep–wakefulness cycle or pain–stress modulation. Furthermore, it seems that the medial amygdaloid–DR projection might be anatomically and functionally distinct from the well-characterized central amygdaloid–periaqeductal gray (PAG) circu ...
... input to the DR and may contribute an emotional influence on sleep–wakefulness cycle or pain–stress modulation. Furthermore, it seems that the medial amygdaloid–DR projection might be anatomically and functionally distinct from the well-characterized central amygdaloid–periaqeductal gray (PAG) circu ...
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are
... few p75-positive cells are dispersed within this structure. In wild-type mice, neuropeptide Y expression (C) is confined to the outer nerve fiber layer (arrows), whereas, in extratoes mice (F), neuropeptide Y positive cells are found principally at the edge of the FCM (arrows). G: ...
... few p75-positive cells are dispersed within this structure. In wild-type mice, neuropeptide Y expression (C) is confined to the outer nerve fiber layer (arrows), whereas, in extratoes mice (F), neuropeptide Y positive cells are found principally at the edge of the FCM (arrows). G: ...
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... within B21. Namely, B21 must be centrally depolarized if spikes are to propagate to an output process. We now demonstrate that this will occur with central depolarizations that are only a few millivolts. Depolarizations of this magnitude are not, however, sufficient to induce synaptic transmission t ...
... within B21. Namely, B21 must be centrally depolarized if spikes are to propagate to an output process. We now demonstrate that this will occur with central depolarizations that are only a few millivolts. Depolarizations of this magnitude are not, however, sufficient to induce synaptic transmission t ...
Title Modulation of Conditioned Fear, Fear
... amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of conditioned-fear, formalin-evoked nociception and fearconditioned analgesia in rats, an ...
... amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of conditioned-fear, formalin-evoked nociception and fearconditioned analgesia in rats, an ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how the brain encodes and processes information and how the networks and structures involved are formed. In this thesis, we use theoretical approaches to further our understanding of brain function. First, we investigate how experimentally-based le ...
... A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how the brain encodes and processes information and how the networks and structures involved are formed. In this thesis, we use theoretical approaches to further our understanding of brain function. First, we investigate how experimentally-based le ...
Effect of Tactile Inputs on Thalamic Responses to Noxious
... are also sensitive to gentle skin manipulation, such as brushing (Al-Chaer et al. 1996a,b, 1997a, 1998); therefore it is conceivable that light tactile inputs and nociceptive visceral inputs may interact at any of several locations along the DC-ML pathway. The DC-ML pathway, through which light touc ...
... are also sensitive to gentle skin manipulation, such as brushing (Al-Chaer et al. 1996a,b, 1997a, 1998); therefore it is conceivable that light tactile inputs and nociceptive visceral inputs may interact at any of several locations along the DC-ML pathway. The DC-ML pathway, through which light touc ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... favorable” for neuronal excitation by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Nevertheless, in the context of a comparison between magnetic and electrical transcranial stimulation of primary motor cortex, Day et al. argued that “all forms of stimulation are most likely to activate those neurons nearest ...
... favorable” for neuronal excitation by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Nevertheless, in the context of a comparison between magnetic and electrical transcranial stimulation of primary motor cortex, Day et al. argued that “all forms of stimulation are most likely to activate those neurons nearest ...
α7 and β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Form
... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics
... that M1 functions at a higher level in the putative motor control hierarchy further removed from the motor periphery and generates a descending motor command that defines the spatiotemporal form of the action to perform (its kinematics) rather than how it should be performed (its kinetics). A relate ...
... that M1 functions at a higher level in the putative motor control hierarchy further removed from the motor periphery and generates a descending motor command that defines the spatiotemporal form of the action to perform (its kinematics) rather than how it should be performed (its kinetics). A relate ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... causes), it can infer the most likely causes of its sensory data. The problem is that there are a multitude of interacting causes that give rise to the same sensory impressions. In vision, for instance, both object size and distance from the observer affect retinal image size. In these cases, straig ...
... causes), it can infer the most likely causes of its sensory data. The problem is that there are a multitude of interacting causes that give rise to the same sensory impressions. In vision, for instance, both object size and distance from the observer affect retinal image size. In these cases, straig ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... due to the lower extracellular calcium concentration in vivo on the time scale of synaptic decay has not been considered heretofore. In the present paper, we study the persistence of synaptic changes, first in a synapse connecting a pair of independent Poisson neurons, and second in a large network ...
... due to the lower extracellular calcium concentration in vivo on the time scale of synaptic decay has not been considered heretofore. In the present paper, we study the persistence of synaptic changes, first in a synapse connecting a pair of independent Poisson neurons, and second in a large network ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... Insects use a great variety of primary and secondary defence mechanisms [2–8]. Stick insects (Phasmatodea) are named for their mimetic body shapes, resembling plant elements to avoid detection in the first place. But they are also known for different means of secondary defence, including defence by ...
... Insects use a great variety of primary and secondary defence mechanisms [2–8]. Stick insects (Phasmatodea) are named for their mimetic body shapes, resembling plant elements to avoid detection in the first place. But they are also known for different means of secondary defence, including defence by ...
Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good
... as neuroeconomics (Glimcher et al. 2008). In a nutshell, research in neuroeconomics aspires to describe the neurobiological processes and cognitive mechanisms that underlie economic choices. Although the field is still in its infancy, significant progress has been made already. Examples of economic ch ...
... as neuroeconomics (Glimcher et al. 2008). In a nutshell, research in neuroeconomics aspires to describe the neurobiological processes and cognitive mechanisms that underlie economic choices. Although the field is still in its infancy, significant progress has been made already. Examples of economic ch ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.