Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... Samples of areas 4 and 17 were obtained from 41 adult individuals representing 23 primate and 2 non-primate mammalian species (Tupaia glis and Pteropus poliocephalus). Between 1 and 5 individuals were available for analysis from each species (table 1). Most specimens were obtained postmortem or from ...
... Samples of areas 4 and 17 were obtained from 41 adult individuals representing 23 primate and 2 non-primate mammalian species (Tupaia glis and Pteropus poliocephalus). Between 1 and 5 individuals were available for analysis from each species (table 1). Most specimens were obtained postmortem or from ...
Lecture 9B
... important role in establishing fear memory. While the perirhinal cortex is an elongated structure, the small nucleus of the lateral amygdala is isochronically connected with a large portion of the perirhinal cortex (Pelletier JG, 2002). 6. Neurons in the thalamus send axons to a wide area of the som ...
... important role in establishing fear memory. While the perirhinal cortex is an elongated structure, the small nucleus of the lateral amygdala is isochronically connected with a large portion of the perirhinal cortex (Pelletier JG, 2002). 6. Neurons in the thalamus send axons to a wide area of the som ...
GustOlf9
... IX, X also have branches which serve arterial bp receptors in carotid sinus, aortic arch. X respiratory structures, GIT (rostral to splenic flexture) – pseudounipolar neurons, much like 1° afferents for somatic sensory system. Both systems come together in the ganglion located just outside the bra ...
... IX, X also have branches which serve arterial bp receptors in carotid sinus, aortic arch. X respiratory structures, GIT (rostral to splenic flexture) – pseudounipolar neurons, much like 1° afferents for somatic sensory system. Both systems come together in the ganglion located just outside the bra ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... of green light to stimulate the tadpole retinal neurons. The panel of light had rows that turned on sequentially for one second, as in a wave motion. Because tectal cells do not become adapted to repeated stimulation it is likely that RGCs do not get adapted to repeated stimulation either (Sin et al ...
... of green light to stimulate the tadpole retinal neurons. The panel of light had rows that turned on sequentially for one second, as in a wave motion. Because tectal cells do not become adapted to repeated stimulation it is likely that RGCs do not get adapted to repeated stimulation either (Sin et al ...
Chapter 7: Eyes and Ears
... With aging, alterations in the chemistry of the vitreous humor make it lose transparency and cause more scattering of light. Blocking and scattering of light are increased by small areas of vitreous humor that become opaque and often grow large enough to be visible in the field of view. These areas, ...
... With aging, alterations in the chemistry of the vitreous humor make it lose transparency and cause more scattering of light. Blocking and scattering of light are increased by small areas of vitreous humor that become opaque and often grow large enough to be visible in the field of view. These areas, ...
ZLY 303 Lecture Slides on Cnidaria
... • Cup-animals with umbrella or bowl-shape • May attain a bell diameter of more than 2m • Most scyphozoans range from 2 to 40cm in ...
... • Cup-animals with umbrella or bowl-shape • May attain a bell diameter of more than 2m • Most scyphozoans range from 2 to 40cm in ...
The rhinal cortices: a wall of inhibition between the
... horizontal sections. (B) Synaptic responses to electrical stimuli (100 ms; 1.4 times the threshold intensity) applied in the neocortex at multiple sites 160 mm apart. The inset illustrates the first response to depolarizing current injections eliciting more than one spike when current injections wer ...
... horizontal sections. (B) Synaptic responses to electrical stimuli (100 ms; 1.4 times the threshold intensity) applied in the neocortex at multiple sites 160 mm apart. The inset illustrates the first response to depolarizing current injections eliciting more than one spike when current injections wer ...
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... differentiate the sensory fibers. I and II are the DSL lines of nerve transmission, large diameter, heavily myelinated fibers that carry proprioceptive information, position sense, and light touch. Group III is thinly myelinated, slower than DSL and carries nociceptive and other sensory information. ...
... differentiate the sensory fibers. I and II are the DSL lines of nerve transmission, large diameter, heavily myelinated fibers that carry proprioceptive information, position sense, and light touch. Group III is thinly myelinated, slower than DSL and carries nociceptive and other sensory information. ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... change significantly after GFP expression in control cells expressing GFP alone (from 2.19 ^ 0.19 to 2.46 ^ 0.22, n ¼ 7, paired t-test, P . 0:05). The mean value of the burst duration also was increased from 11.12 ^ 4.90 s (n ¼ 8) to 101.60 ^ 39.14 s (n ¼ 6) (Fig. 2B1), indicating that rSK2 expressi ...
... change significantly after GFP expression in control cells expressing GFP alone (from 2.19 ^ 0.19 to 2.46 ^ 0.22, n ¼ 7, paired t-test, P . 0:05). The mean value of the burst duration also was increased from 11.12 ^ 4.90 s (n ¼ 8) to 101.60 ^ 39.14 s (n ¼ 6) (Fig. 2B1), indicating that rSK2 expressi ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... of manifesting the mature AS phenotype and suggestthat there is a determinative interaction betweenthese 2 neurons that is responsiblefor their asymmetricdifferentiation (Martindale and Shankland, 1990). When a selectedgroup of neurons,including an immature AS homologue, are ablated on one side of a ...
... of manifesting the mature AS phenotype and suggestthat there is a determinative interaction betweenthese 2 neurons that is responsiblefor their asymmetricdifferentiation (Martindale and Shankland, 1990). When a selectedgroup of neurons,including an immature AS homologue, are ablated on one side of a ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... neurons form multiple minor processes. Stage 3 neurons possess one long neurite (immature axon) and several minor processes. The longest neurite ultimately develops into a mature axon. Therefore, the initial event of neuronal polarization in cultured neurons is axon initiation. Then, within 7 days, ...
... neurons form multiple minor processes. Stage 3 neurons possess one long neurite (immature axon) and several minor processes. The longest neurite ultimately develops into a mature axon. Therefore, the initial event of neuronal polarization in cultured neurons is axon initiation. Then, within 7 days, ...
Copyrighted Material
... in which transected nerve fibers function electrically for 14 to 28 days (Lunn et al., 1989). Although the underlying reason for slow degeneration in this mutant is unknown, the trait is transmitted by a dominant gene on chromosome 4 (Lyon et al., 1993) and is an intrinsic property of the neuron tha ...
... in which transected nerve fibers function electrically for 14 to 28 days (Lunn et al., 1989). Although the underlying reason for slow degeneration in this mutant is unknown, the trait is transmitted by a dominant gene on chromosome 4 (Lyon et al., 1993) and is an intrinsic property of the neuron tha ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... the orexin ligand or receptor genes49,51. In most narcoleptics, the disease begins in the second or third decade of life, and the loss of orexin neurons is remarkably specific (producing no injury to the adjacent neurons that produce MCH)48,49. The cause is believed to be autoimmune, although convin ...
... the orexin ligand or receptor genes49,51. In most narcoleptics, the disease begins in the second or third decade of life, and the loss of orexin neurons is remarkably specific (producing no injury to the adjacent neurons that produce MCH)48,49. The cause is believed to be autoimmune, although convin ...
Serotonin 1B Receptor Modulates Frequency Response Curves and
... both spectral and temporal aspects of evoked auditory responses (Hurley and Pollak 2005; Hurley et al. 2002). One of the properties of IC neurons that has been the best studied in terms of its modulation by serotonin is frequency tuning, which can be expanded or narrowed by serotonin (Hurley and Pol ...
... both spectral and temporal aspects of evoked auditory responses (Hurley and Pollak 2005; Hurley et al. 2002). One of the properties of IC neurons that has been the best studied in terms of its modulation by serotonin is frequency tuning, which can be expanded or narrowed by serotonin (Hurley and Pol ...
Internal structure of spinal cord
... – VII. largest region of the spinal gray matter • many interneurons with collaterals within their segment and long axons that go out into the white matter & travel up/down to other segments’ gray matter • VII also contains a few other cell columns (not part of the Lamina system) ...
... – VII. largest region of the spinal gray matter • many interneurons with collaterals within their segment and long axons that go out into the white matter & travel up/down to other segments’ gray matter • VII also contains a few other cell columns (not part of the Lamina system) ...
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... brain stimulation (DBS), optogenetics, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), intracellular electrical stimulation, and extracellular electrical stimulation. Some activation modalities are inherently selective, such as optogenetics or intracellular activation, but these techniques are largely limi ...
... brain stimulation (DBS), optogenetics, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), intracellular electrical stimulation, and extracellular electrical stimulation. Some activation modalities are inherently selective, such as optogenetics or intracellular activation, but these techniques are largely limi ...
Temporal Sequence Detection with Spiking Neurons: Towards
... including paired-pulse facilitation or depression, augmentation, post-tetanus potentiation, etc. The real neurons use these short term dynamics as an additional powerful mechanism for temporal processing. Several studies have explored the mechanisms of synaptic dynamics (Tsodyks et al., 1998; Abbott ...
... including paired-pulse facilitation or depression, augmentation, post-tetanus potentiation, etc. The real neurons use these short term dynamics as an additional powerful mechanism for temporal processing. Several studies have explored the mechanisms of synaptic dynamics (Tsodyks et al., 1998; Abbott ...
Early Embryonic Expression of Ion Channels and Pumps in Chick
... Fig. 2. Ion pump genes expressed in Xenopus. A variety of known ion channel and pump genes are also expressed during early Xenopus embryogenesis. Clones with specific expression patterns are shown here at representative stages. A: Sense probe controls show no signal. B: A probe for the maternal gene ...
... Fig. 2. Ion pump genes expressed in Xenopus. A variety of known ion channel and pump genes are also expressed during early Xenopus embryogenesis. Clones with specific expression patterns are shown here at representative stages. A: Sense probe controls show no signal. B: A probe for the maternal gene ...
Nature template
... 12. C. M. Gray, W. Singer, Stimulus specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 1698-1702 (1989). 13. W. Singer, C. M. Gray, Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation ...
... 12. C. M. Gray, W. Singer, Stimulus specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 1698-1702 (1989). 13. W. Singer, C. M. Gray, Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.