File: Chap011, Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
... Voltage-gated sodium channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of A) potassium ions. B) proteins. C) sodium ions. D) chloride ions. E) calcium ions. Answer: e Level: 1 ...
... Voltage-gated sodium channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of A) potassium ions. B) proteins. C) sodium ions. D) chloride ions. E) calcium ions. Answer: e Level: 1 ...
Neurons
... sufficiently, it results in a massive change in membrane voltage called an action potential • Action potentials have a constant magnitude, are all-or-none, and transmit signals over long distances • They arise because some ion channels are voltage-gated, opening or closing when the membrane potentia ...
... sufficiently, it results in a massive change in membrane voltage called an action potential • Action potentials have a constant magnitude, are all-or-none, and transmit signals over long distances • They arise because some ion channels are voltage-gated, opening or closing when the membrane potentia ...
PPT
... • Symbolic AI is well-suited for representing explicit knowledge that can be appropriately formalized. • However, learning in biological systems is mostly implicit – it is an adaptation process based on uncertain information and reasoning. • ANNs are inherently parallel and work extremely efficientl ...
... • Symbolic AI is well-suited for representing explicit knowledge that can be appropriately formalized. • However, learning in biological systems is mostly implicit – it is an adaptation process based on uncertain information and reasoning. • ANNs are inherently parallel and work extremely efficientl ...
posterior pituitary
... Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) TSH (also known as thyrotropin) – glycoportein consisting of: a b chain of 112 amino acids and an a chain of 89 amino acids. The a chain is identical to that found in two other pituitary hormones, FSH and LH as well as in the hormone chorionic ...
... Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) TSH (also known as thyrotropin) – glycoportein consisting of: a b chain of 112 amino acids and an a chain of 89 amino acids. The a chain is identical to that found in two other pituitary hormones, FSH and LH as well as in the hormone chorionic ...
The Distribution of Immunoreactivity for
... (Zhang et al., 2000), and stress-induced rates of dopamine and noradrenaline turnover in the prefrontal cortices of adult male rats (Handa et al., 1997) on the other hand, are endpoints that are stimulated by estrogens but inhibited by androgens. Although mechanisms are uncertain, one factor that co ...
... (Zhang et al., 2000), and stress-induced rates of dopamine and noradrenaline turnover in the prefrontal cortices of adult male rats (Handa et al., 1997) on the other hand, are endpoints that are stimulated by estrogens but inhibited by androgens. Although mechanisms are uncertain, one factor that co ...
View Article
... patients come in and they’re expecting a super-arm that works as good as their old one,” Kuiken says. “And you have to say no, I’m sorry, they aren’t that good.” They were supposed to be better. A decade ago, researchers seemed on the cusp of creating a working interface between body and machine. Ev ...
... patients come in and they’re expecting a super-arm that works as good as their old one,” Kuiken says. “And you have to say no, I’m sorry, they aren’t that good.” They were supposed to be better. A decade ago, researchers seemed on the cusp of creating a working interface between body and machine. Ev ...
BMP inhibitors and neural patterning
... responses to Shh, and thus might contribute to the patterning of cell types in the ventral neural tube. Using an in vitro assay of neural cell differentiation we show that BMP signaling markedly alters neural cell responses to Shh signals, eliciting a ventral-to-dorsal switch in progenitor cell iden ...
... responses to Shh, and thus might contribute to the patterning of cell types in the ventral neural tube. Using an in vitro assay of neural cell differentiation we show that BMP signaling markedly alters neural cell responses to Shh signals, eliciting a ventral-to-dorsal switch in progenitor cell iden ...
Mapping of second order olfactory neurons and ventral
... different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have served as favorable model organisms for exploring basic neural principles underlying chemosensor ...
... different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have served as favorable model organisms for exploring basic neural principles underlying chemosensor ...
Centre for the Biology of Memory
... has produced a series of sensational findings. In its first year of operation, researchers found that direct inputs from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus are responsible for spatial orientation. In 2004, they showed that the entorhinal cortex contains an accurate spatial map of the animal’s ...
... has produced a series of sensational findings. In its first year of operation, researchers found that direct inputs from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus are responsible for spatial orientation. In 2004, they showed that the entorhinal cortex contains an accurate spatial map of the animal’s ...
Neural crest cells and axonal specificity
... retain the ability to differentiate into a large number of different cell types, while other neural crest cell populations are specified early in development. ...
... retain the ability to differentiate into a large number of different cell types, while other neural crest cell populations are specified early in development. ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... several classes of neurons have been defined in vivo on the basis of their activity during behavior, but it is unclear how those types correspond to neurons identified in slice preparations. By targeting recordings to neurons labeled in transgenic mouse lines, this study reveals that the continuous ...
... several classes of neurons have been defined in vivo on the basis of their activity during behavior, but it is unclear how those types correspond to neurons identified in slice preparations. By targeting recordings to neurons labeled in transgenic mouse lines, this study reveals that the continuous ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... (S)--fluoromethylhistidine blocked the arousal effect of montirelin in WT mice. We conclude, that direct excitation of rodent TMN neurons by TRH is receptor-mediated and demands activation of nonselective cation channels as well as electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Our findings indicate a key role of ...
... (S)--fluoromethylhistidine blocked the arousal effect of montirelin in WT mice. We conclude, that direct excitation of rodent TMN neurons by TRH is receptor-mediated and demands activation of nonselective cation channels as well as electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Our findings indicate a key role of ...
Molecular anatomical investigation of the 2
... research has shown that DGL-α is also concentrated in a perisynaptic annulus (see in details the Results section), which was confirmed by others (Yoshida et al., 2006). The Homer scaffold proteins are important to provide a platform for the macromolecular complex involved in 2-AG synthesis (Brakeman ...
... research has shown that DGL-α is also concentrated in a perisynaptic annulus (see in details the Results section), which was confirmed by others (Yoshida et al., 2006). The Homer scaffold proteins are important to provide a platform for the macromolecular complex involved in 2-AG synthesis (Brakeman ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... outward current because the membrane potential of animal cells is rarely more negative than EK. Thus, inward rectifiers also carry some outward current (9). The function of inward rectifiers in fast skeletal muscle may be to accelerate the reentry of K⫹ from the t-tubular space after action potentia ...
... outward current because the membrane potential of animal cells is rarely more negative than EK. Thus, inward rectifiers also carry some outward current (9). The function of inward rectifiers in fast skeletal muscle may be to accelerate the reentry of K⫹ from the t-tubular space after action potentia ...
Membrane Potential Fluctuations in Neural Integrator
... awake goldfish to temporally resolve individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). We discovered that the EPSP rate increases with average membrane potential and eye position. The EPSPs also form a frothy fluctuation that constitutes a significant fraction of the total membrane voltage. Thi ...
... awake goldfish to temporally resolve individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). We discovered that the EPSP rate increases with average membrane potential and eye position. The EPSPs also form a frothy fluctuation that constitutes a significant fraction of the total membrane voltage. Thi ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... sounds. For example, the IC of mice contains a high proportion of long-pass neurons selective for sounds longer than several tens of milliseconds. The few observed bandpass neurons typically have best durations on the order of tens of milliseconds (Brand et al. 2000). Both of these filtering propert ...
... sounds. For example, the IC of mice contains a high proportion of long-pass neurons selective for sounds longer than several tens of milliseconds. The few observed bandpass neurons typically have best durations on the order of tens of milliseconds (Brand et al. 2000). Both of these filtering propert ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... outward current because the membrane potential of animal cells is rarely more negative than EK. Thus, inward rectifiers also carry some outward current (9). The function of inward rectifiers in fast skeletal muscle may be to accelerate the reentry of K⫹ from the t-tubular space after action potentia ...
... outward current because the membrane potential of animal cells is rarely more negative than EK. Thus, inward rectifiers also carry some outward current (9). The function of inward rectifiers in fast skeletal muscle may be to accelerate the reentry of K⫹ from the t-tubular space after action potentia ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are highly heterogeneous in their discharge properties, their neurochemical markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and ...
... Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are highly heterogeneous in their discharge properties, their neurochemical markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and ...
Researchers inch closer to causes, cures for insomnia, narcolepsy
... About a decade ago, experiments by Yanagisawa with mice and by other researchers with dogs found that narcolepsy is almost certainly caused by the absence of a single chemical messenger in the brain. This chemical, called orexin by some scientists and hypocretin by others, is produced by a small poc ...
... About a decade ago, experiments by Yanagisawa with mice and by other researchers with dogs found that narcolepsy is almost certainly caused by the absence of a single chemical messenger in the brain. This chemical, called orexin by some scientists and hypocretin by others, is produced by a small poc ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons play important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. It is unknown, however, if subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures and wheth ...
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons play important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. It is unknown, however, if subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures and wheth ...
Development - Publications Repository
... SEMA3F being expressed in r3 and r5 and NRP2 being expressed by the r2-derived (trigeminal) and r4-derived (hyoid) neural crest cells (Gammill et al., 2007; Eickholt et al., 1999). Moreover, cranial neural crest cells travel through the normally crest-free zone at r3 level when semaphorin function i ...
... SEMA3F being expressed in r3 and r5 and NRP2 being expressed by the r2-derived (trigeminal) and r4-derived (hyoid) neural crest cells (Gammill et al., 2007; Eickholt et al., 1999). Moreover, cranial neural crest cells travel through the normally crest-free zone at r3 level when semaphorin function i ...
- Princeton University
... (Helmchen et al., 2001); however, because it was not optimized for moving animals, relative motion between the microscope and brain was apparent during animal movements. An even smaller device has been reported (Flusberg et al., 2005), but its use in awake, behaving mice has not been demonstrated. A ...
... (Helmchen et al., 2001); however, because it was not optimized for moving animals, relative motion between the microscope and brain was apparent during animal movements. An even smaller device has been reported (Flusberg et al., 2005), but its use in awake, behaving mice has not been demonstrated. A ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.