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Structural changes that occur during normal aging of primate
Structural changes that occur during normal aging of primate

... individual prior to death, and to know if the individual showed early signs of dementia. Even when such data are available, postmortem delays usually make it difficult to obtain brain tissue in a state of preservation optimal enough for detailed structural analyses. One solution to these problems is ...
RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB)
RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB)

... They also analyzed the mitral cells, which relay signals received from the glomerulus to the olfactory cortex. Mitral cells are normally connected to the glomerulus through a single primary dendrite, but after OSN axonal injury, only half of the mitral cells were found to maintain connections with O ...
file
file

... in stimulus trains were presented in a given rat at 5, 7.5 or 15 pps. Electrical stimulation began with the onset of the fourth tone. The stimulating current level (70–150 µA) was the minimum necessary to desynchronize the EEG during slow-wave sleep for 1–2 seconds. Stimulation consisted of 100-pps ...
phys chapter 51 [3-20
phys chapter 51 [3-20

... Concerned with recognizing letters, reading, determining texture of surfaces, determining detailed color of objects, and deciphering what object is and what it means Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of Visual Image  Areas of max excitation occur along sharp borders of visual pattern ...
2008 Unit 3 Biological Bases of Behavior
2008 Unit 3 Biological Bases of Behavior

... Motor Neurons ...
The role of ventral premotor cortex in action execution and action
The role of ventral premotor cortex in action execution and action

... Brodmann’s areas 44 and 6 share a common basic cytoarchitectonic structure, the main characteristics of which are the poverty (BA 44) or lack (BA 6) of granular cells (see Campbell, 1905; von Economo, 1929) and the presence of large pyramid cells in the third layer. Classically, both ventral BA 6 an ...
Integrated model of visual processing
Integrated model of visual processing

... sparse set of such connections (see for example the small number of direct connections between higher order areas of the dorsal and ventral stream [7]). Another way to resolve this question of computation across long distances in the visual field and different stimulus parameters consists in retroin ...
Action Potential - Angelo State University
Action Potential - Angelo State University

... spatial: adding simultaneous graded potentials occurring @ different locations temporal: two sequential subthreshold stimuli can be summed if close enough in time ...
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might

... Gerstein, 2001). The mean firing rate of the neuron across n trials (n > 15), and aligned on the corresponding stimulus, was then calculated, to give a smoothed version of the standard peri-event time histogram (PETH) (Baker & Gerstein, 2001). Smoothed PETHs were calculated for each recorded neuron, ...
Physiological Subgroups of Nonpyramidal Cells with Specific
Physiological Subgroups of Nonpyramidal Cells with Specific

... studied in vitro by whole-cell recording and intracellular staining with biocytin. Layer ll/lll nonpyramidal cells could be divided into four subgroups by their firing patterns in response to depolarizing current pulses and their patterns of dendritic and axonal arborizations. (1) Fast-spiking (FS) ...
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
Chapter 8 The Nervous System

... White matter—tissue composed primarily of myelinated axons (nerves or tracts) Gray matter—tissue composed primarily of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers ...
The Skeletal System
The Skeletal System

... Contain globular protein actin arranged in a double helix ...
Signaling of Cell Death and Cell Survival Following Focal Cerebral
Signaling of Cell Death and Cell Survival Following Focal Cerebral

... c-Fos expression precedes programmed cell death in vivo (11). However, c-fos mRNA is induced even after a transient episode of focal ischemia that has no lethal effects on the brain (12). Moreover, c-Fos protein is expressed in neurons of the penumbra. Many of these cells co-localize inducible HSP-7 ...
Retroviral vector integration occurs in preferred
Retroviral vector integration occurs in preferred

Study of the human hypoglossal nucleus: Normal development and
Study of the human hypoglossal nucleus: Normal development and

... interval of 24 h, to a complete autopsy, including examination of the placental disk, umbilical cord and membranes in perinatal deaths. In all cases an in-depth histological examination of the autonomic nervous system was made, according to the protocol routinely followed by the ‘‘Lino Rossi Researc ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system



... Traditionally, behavioral experiments, such as those on Renewal have been used to try to assess whether extinction is mediated at least in part by inhibition of conditioned responses that themselves persist despite extinction training. However, another approach to investigating the possible role of ...
ling411-10-MEG
ling411-10-MEG

... Recording of the Magnetic Flux  Recorded by special sensors called magnetometers  A magnetometer is a loop of wire placed parallel to the head surface  The strength (density) of the magnetic flux at a certain point determines the strength of the current produced in the magnetometer  If a number ...
05. Motor Pathways 2011.jnt
05. Motor Pathways 2011.jnt

... B. Origin -- Similar to that of the corticospinal axons except face region of cortex. C. Course 1. Internal capsule -- posterior limb (some books say genu) 2. Cerebral peduncle -- the axons either leave the corticospinal fibers at this point or at a slightly more caudal level and make their way to t ...
Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective
Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective

Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the

... Extracellular recordings were conducted after the final optical imaging session. Recording sites were determined using the cortical blood vessel patterns as a reference, and glass-coated platinum-iridium microelectrodes (1–2 M⍀ at 1 kHz) were placed using a hydraulic microdrive (MO-95, Narishige, To ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually

... display appropriate solicitation behaviors and successfully copulate with conspecific males but have not ovulated. Males have similar requirements for physiological coordination; an individual that has mature sperm and is ready to impregnate a female will not get the chance if he displays agonistic ...
Prosjektoppgave - Mirror neurons_ver4.2
Prosjektoppgave - Mirror neurons_ver4.2

... movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey would usually be watching its own movements, the behavior the recorded neurons display ...
Fig. 1 - Journal of Neuroscience
Fig. 1 - Journal of Neuroscience

... TGGGTACACGG-3⬘, respectively. For Southern blotting with the 5⬘ and 3⬘ probes, genomic DNA was digested with EcoRV or AseI for the 5⬘ and 3⬘ probes, respectively. A positive embryonic stem cell clone was used for blastocyst injections, and this resulted in two male chimeric mice that gave germ-line ...
File: Chap011, Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
File: Chap011, Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

... Voltage-gated sodium channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of A) potassium ions. B) proteins. C) sodium ions. D) chloride ions. E) calcium ions. Answer: e Level: 1 ...
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Channelrhodopsin



Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.
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