Supplementary Information (doc 3773K)
... 5’-UTR of mouse Drosha promoter shows putative EWS and CBP binding elements. The 5’-UTR of mouse Drosha was cloned into pGL4.14 luciferase vector. (b) EWS down regulated the transcriptional activity of Drosha promoter in a dose dependent manner in NIH 3T3 cells. The EWS-DNA occupancy within the mous ...
... 5’-UTR of mouse Drosha promoter shows putative EWS and CBP binding elements. The 5’-UTR of mouse Drosha was cloned into pGL4.14 luciferase vector. (b) EWS down regulated the transcriptional activity of Drosha promoter in a dose dependent manner in NIH 3T3 cells. The EWS-DNA occupancy within the mous ...
Gene Expression and the Control of Food Intake by Hypothalamic
... LHA [20, 21]. It is important to note that most of this anatomical data were gathered from the examination of rat 2010 Bentham Open ...
... LHA [20, 21]. It is important to note that most of this anatomical data were gathered from the examination of rat 2010 Bentham Open ...
PPT - Altogen Biosystems
... Transfection Reagent (Prostate Cancer Cells) Altogen Biosystems offers the PC-3 Transfection Reagent among a host of 100+ cell line specific In Vitro Transfection Kits. The PC-3 Transfection Reagent is an advanced formulation of a lipid based reagent, and it has been developed to provide high transf ...
... Transfection Reagent (Prostate Cancer Cells) Altogen Biosystems offers the PC-3 Transfection Reagent among a host of 100+ cell line specific In Vitro Transfection Kits. The PC-3 Transfection Reagent is an advanced formulation of a lipid based reagent, and it has been developed to provide high transf ...
PERSPECTIVES
... well as hand-grasping movements performed by an experimenter. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from various arm and hand muscles. As a control, motor cortex was stimulated during the presentation of three-dimensional objects and during a dimming-detection task that is highly demanding on ...
... well as hand-grasping movements performed by an experimenter. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from various arm and hand muscles. As a control, motor cortex was stimulated during the presentation of three-dimensional objects and during a dimming-detection task that is highly demanding on ...
(Full text - MSWord file 171K)
... phasically to primary rewards, and as the experiment progresses, the response of these neurons gradually shifts back in time from the primary reward to reward-predicting stimuli. The firing pattern of DA neurons was also found to reflect information regarding the timing of delayed rewards (relative ...
... phasically to primary rewards, and as the experiment progresses, the response of these neurons gradually shifts back in time from the primary reward to reward-predicting stimuli. The firing pattern of DA neurons was also found to reflect information regarding the timing of delayed rewards (relative ...
Cnidarians and the evolutionary origin of the nervous system Review
... between the oral and aboral body region (Meinhardt 2002; Guder et al. 2006a, 2006b). New expression studies in cnidarian species, however, reveal a more complex situation. The expression patterns of Otx genes in two anthozoans (Acropora and Nematostella) do not seem to correspond to that in Hydra. I ...
... between the oral and aboral body region (Meinhardt 2002; Guder et al. 2006a, 2006b). New expression studies in cnidarian species, however, reveal a more complex situation. The expression patterns of Otx genes in two anthozoans (Acropora and Nematostella) do not seem to correspond to that in Hydra. I ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... make synaptic contacts19,20. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra show responses to sensory stimuli that predict the upcoming reward21,22. Thus, a caudate neuron could receive spatial information through the corticostriatal inputs23 and rewardrelated information through the dopaminergic inpu ...
... make synaptic contacts19,20. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra show responses to sensory stimuli that predict the upcoming reward21,22. Thus, a caudate neuron could receive spatial information through the corticostriatal inputs23 and rewardrelated information through the dopaminergic inpu ...
Extrinsic Determinants of Retinal Ganglion Cell Structure in the Cat
... cell density wasaccounted for best by a third-order polynomial regression(R = 0.9, p < 0.00 1).In fact, p cellsin areasof reduced cell density within 1 mm of the area centralis have cell bodies as large as their counterparts in far peripheral areasof retina wheresimilar numbersof neighboring,6cellsa ...
... cell density wasaccounted for best by a third-order polynomial regression(R = 0.9, p < 0.00 1).In fact, p cellsin areasof reduced cell density within 1 mm of the area centralis have cell bodies as large as their counterparts in far peripheral areasof retina wheresimilar numbersof neighboring,6cellsa ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... of the map. We filled each neuron with a fluorescent marker (Alexa 594) to confirm that the dendritic tree was mostly contained within the slice, and to establish whether spines were present (Fig. 1b, right). All cells analyzed in this study were excitatory, as based on morphology and the presence o ...
... of the map. We filled each neuron with a fluorescent marker (Alexa 594) to confirm that the dendritic tree was mostly contained within the slice, and to establish whether spines were present (Fig. 1b, right). All cells analyzed in this study were excitatory, as based on morphology and the presence o ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... conspecific sounds triggers luteinizing hormone release in some birds (Cheng et al., 1998; Maney et al., 2007). While these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that perception of context-specific auditory cues can influence the GnRH1 system and reproductive physiology, it remains unclear whether ...
... conspecific sounds triggers luteinizing hormone release in some birds (Cheng et al., 1998; Maney et al., 2007). While these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that perception of context-specific auditory cues can influence the GnRH1 system and reproductive physiology, it remains unclear whether ...
Symmetric versus asymmetric cell division during neurogenesis in
... important to determine whether the increase in the thickness of the subventricular zone during the evolution of mammalian brains reflects interspecies differences in the extent of a possible self-amplification of basal and subventricular-zone progenitors by symmetric proliferative divisions, rather ...
... important to determine whether the increase in the thickness of the subventricular zone during the evolution of mammalian brains reflects interspecies differences in the extent of a possible self-amplification of basal and subventricular-zone progenitors by symmetric proliferative divisions, rather ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... confocal microscope, using the 488 nm argon laser line and a 505–550 nm bandpass emission filter. Image stacks (typically 10 –20 optical sections per stack) were collected at 1.5–2.5 m z-axis steps through the full extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images wer ...
... confocal microscope, using the 488 nm argon laser line and a 505–550 nm bandpass emission filter. Image stacks (typically 10 –20 optical sections per stack) were collected at 1.5–2.5 m z-axis steps through the full extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images wer ...
PPT - Altogen Biosystems
... The Vero cell line originates from the kidney epithelial cells taken from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Yasumura and Kawakita established the cell line in 1962 and named the cell line as an abbreviation of “verda reno” meaning “green kidney” in Esperanto. Vero cells are aneuploid ...
... The Vero cell line originates from the kidney epithelial cells taken from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Yasumura and Kawakita established the cell line in 1962 and named the cell line as an abbreviation of “verda reno” meaning “green kidney” in Esperanto. Vero cells are aneuploid ...
Flexible sequence learning in a SOM model of the mirror system
... then show how many (proportionally) of the sequences correctly activated by their own first element also remain silent when the first element of the second possible sequence is presented instead. As expected, this number decreases over time but remains over .5 in all cases. However, this measure ite ...
... then show how many (proportionally) of the sequences correctly activated by their own first element also remain silent when the first element of the second possible sequence is presented instead. As expected, this number decreases over time but remains over .5 in all cases. However, this measure ite ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... An episodeof HVS during immobility is shown in Figure 2. HVSs were observed in every rat on at least one occasion.In a group of 11 rats, the EEG wasrecorded in 2 or 3 sessions,each involving 30 min cumulative periods of immobility. The averagefrequency of HVS was 2.3/30 min (range, l-7). For a HVS t ...
... An episodeof HVS during immobility is shown in Figure 2. HVSs were observed in every rat on at least one occasion.In a group of 11 rats, the EEG wasrecorded in 2 or 3 sessions,each involving 30 min cumulative periods of immobility. The averagefrequency of HVS was 2.3/30 min (range, l-7). For a HVS t ...
RNA Trafficking and Local Protein Synthesis in Dendrites: An
... Export of mRNAs to neuronal processes Early, pioneering studies used nucleic acid stains and green fluorescent protein fused to RNA-binding proteins to visualize mRNA translocation in live neurons (Kohrmann et al., 1999; Kiebler and DesGroseillers, 2000; Huang et al., 2003; Tiruchinapalli et al., 20 ...
... Export of mRNAs to neuronal processes Early, pioneering studies used nucleic acid stains and green fluorescent protein fused to RNA-binding proteins to visualize mRNA translocation in live neurons (Kohrmann et al., 1999; Kiebler and DesGroseillers, 2000; Huang et al., 2003; Tiruchinapalli et al., 20 ...
Pathways for emotions and memory
... The anterior thalamic nuclei are an integral component of the classic Papez circuit for emotions (for reviews see Papez, 1937; Ploog, 1989; Armstrong, 1990). In addition, the anterior thalamic nuclei play an important role in memory (Mair et al., 1979; Mayes et al., 1988; Kopelman, 1995; Parker and ...
... The anterior thalamic nuclei are an integral component of the classic Papez circuit for emotions (for reviews see Papez, 1937; Ploog, 1989; Armstrong, 1990). In addition, the anterior thalamic nuclei play an important role in memory (Mair et al., 1979; Mayes et al., 1988; Kopelman, 1995; Parker and ...
PKCa and PKCe differentially regulate Legionella pneumophila-induced GM-CSF
... spp. [20], and Pneumocystis jiroveci [21]. Furthermore, AMs from GM-CSF -/- mice were defective for Escherichia coli phagocytosis [18] as well as in the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a [22] and IFN-c [23]. The expression of GM-CSF is controlled by a tight regulatory network involving th ...
... spp. [20], and Pneumocystis jiroveci [21]. Furthermore, AMs from GM-CSF -/- mice were defective for Escherichia coli phagocytosis [18] as well as in the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a [22] and IFN-c [23]. The expression of GM-CSF is controlled by a tight regulatory network involving th ...
Phosphorylation of c-Jun in avian and mammalian motoneurons in
... c-Jun is a transcription factor that is involved in various cellular events, including apoptotic cell death. For example, phosphorylation of c-Jun is one of the earliest biochemical changes detected in dying sympathetic neurons after NGF deprivation in vitro. However, currently, it is not known whet ...
... c-Jun is a transcription factor that is involved in various cellular events, including apoptotic cell death. For example, phosphorylation of c-Jun is one of the earliest biochemical changes detected in dying sympathetic neurons after NGF deprivation in vitro. However, currently, it is not known whet ...
different sensory modalities
... weaker (fewer impulses, shorter discharge train duration, lower peak frequencies, lower response reliability) than one stimulus alone • Response depression is less common than enhancement; it depends on some specific properties as spatial inhibition, inhibitory surrounds, inhibitory inputs that are ...
... weaker (fewer impulses, shorter discharge train duration, lower peak frequencies, lower response reliability) than one stimulus alone • Response depression is less common than enhancement; it depends on some specific properties as spatial inhibition, inhibitory surrounds, inhibitory inputs that are ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... Sciences), and sectioned (Leise and Mulloney 1986; Mulloney and Hall 1991). The diameters of axons were measured from 2-mm cross sections of N1s from a different set of nerve cords. ...
... Sciences), and sectioned (Leise and Mulloney 1986; Mulloney and Hall 1991). The diameters of axons were measured from 2-mm cross sections of N1s from a different set of nerve cords. ...
Stochastic dynamics as a principle of brain function
... Many excellent theoretical studies of behavioral data have enhanced our understanding of the computational mechanisms underlying decision-making. Diffusion models of performance and choice reaction time have been applied to a wide range of behavioral results (Smith and Ratcliff, 2004). Diffusion mod ...
... Many excellent theoretical studies of behavioral data have enhanced our understanding of the computational mechanisms underlying decision-making. Diffusion models of performance and choice reaction time have been applied to a wide range of behavioral results (Smith and Ratcliff, 2004). Diffusion mod ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.