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Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system

... the generation of an appropriate respiratory motor output. Here, we will discuss work that aims to understand the role that metabotropic neurotransmitter systems play in central cardiorespiratory mechanisms. It is well known that blockade of glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glycinergi ...
Target innervation and LGN/colliculus development
Target innervation and LGN/colliculus development

... However, while prenatal retinal inputs have adult-like organization, the SC cells themselves are functionally immature until sometime after birth. Studies in cat have demonstrated that maturity of the superior colliculus projections to upstream brain areas may develop from center to periphery. For ...
binding, internalization, and retrograde transport of `251
binding, internalization, and retrograde transport of `251

... Internalization of NGF may be required for some of either air-dried rat tail collagen or fixed rat heart cells the actions of NGF in target cells. It may be that plasma using modified 35-mm culture dishes (Hawrot and Patmembrane-localized binding of NGF mediates a set of terson, 1979; Hawrot, 1980). ...
Some insights into computational models of (patho)physiological
Some insights into computational models of (patho)physiological

... the most complex system in nature. Therefore understanding its functions offers a great challenge to biological and physical sciences. Neurobiological research yields new and detailed knowledge at a very high rate but it is becoming clear that to understand how the brain works it is not enough to ac ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortex Cells Show Dynamic Modulation With the
Medial Prefrontal Cortex Cells Show Dynamic Modulation With the

... The role of the hippocampus during behavior has been thoroughly researched and great progress has been made into unraveling how the hippocampus plays its central role in memory tasks (Eichenbaum, 2004). The prefrontal cortex has been shown to be involved in a range of complex tasks in primates and r ...
internal structure of spinal cord
internal structure of spinal cord

... Basics of Neurobiology: Internal structure of spinal cord ORGANIZATION OF THE WHITE AND GREY MATTERS THE GREY MATTER IS ORGANIZED INTO THREE HORNS, THE DORSAL, LATERAL AND VENTRAL HORNS AS REVEALED IN CROSS SECTIONS. IN 3D VIEW, THE HORNS ARE RATHER PERPENDICULAR COLUMNS IN THE CENTER OF THE GREY M ...
Lateral olfactory processing
Lateral olfactory processing

... mammalian olfactory bulb and its insect analog, the antennal lobe. These results are now beginning to elaborate which of these circuit motifs are operative in early olfactory processing and what role they play in odor coding (Aungst et al 2003; McGann et al. 2005; Olsen et al. 2007; Shang et al. 200 ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry

... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
Reprint () - Centre de recherche CERVO
Reprint () - Centre de recherche CERVO

... the shape of terminal arbors, two types of axons make up the ascending projections from this subnucleus. Type I axons (n ⫽ 23) have diameters of 2– 4 ␮m and consistently showed up after all injections made into SP5i. Collectively, these axons project to a number of sites in the thalamus and upper br ...
Processing of complex stimuli and natural scenes in the visual cortex
Processing of complex stimuli and natural scenes in the visual cortex

... extensively studied and a diverse range of these have been described (see Allman et al. and Fitzpatrick [20,21] for a review). A recent study sought to classify these effects [22]. But instead of finding a unified picture of contextual effects, the authors came up with a different point of view: re ...
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Neural Plasticity Volume 2008, Article ID 658323, pages
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Neural Plasticity Volume 2008, Article ID 658323, pages

... cortex demonstrate the capacity to display persistent spiking activity after a depolarizing current injection or a period of repetitive synaptic input [5–8]. Pyramidal neurons in layer II of medial entorhinal cortex show persistent spiking that tends to turn on and off over periods of many seconds [5 ...
PDF
PDF

... of synaptic changes. The electro-physiological correlates of longlasting increase and decrease in synaptic strength were demonstrated as experimental long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) respectively. Stable high-resolution synaptic weight values were considered as feasible physical sub ...
Neurological Understanding of Surrogate Healing in
Neurological Understanding of Surrogate Healing in

... distinctiveness of a person's consciousness from somebody else's consciousness. In one such experiment a person's arm is anesthetized and it becomes numb as there are no sensations coming in. Now, when this person watches another person being touched, he feels the sensation of his own arm being touc ...
Impact of a deletion of the full-length and short isoform of
Impact of a deletion of the full-length and short isoform of

... isoforms of the p75NTR exist: a short (s-p75NTR) and a fulllength isoform. The full-length isoform is capable of binding neurotrophins, whereas the short isoform lacks the neurotrophin binding site. Although the functions of s-p75NTR are largely unknown, some studies suggest that it is a functional ...
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory

... used in acting and perceiving. Any conceptualisation of grasping via simulation therefore requires the use of the same functional clusters used in the action and perception of grasping. 5. Parameters. All actions, perceptions, and simulations make use of neural parameters and their values. For examp ...
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory

... used in acting and perceiving. Any conceptualisation of grasping via simulation therefore requires the use of the same functional clusters used in the action and perception of grasping. 5. Parameters. All actions, perceptions, and simulations make use of neural parameters and their values. For examp ...
Growth and Functional Efficacy of Intrastriatal Nigral Transplants
Growth and Functional Efficacy of Intrastriatal Nigral Transplants

Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral

... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning

Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra

... performed, among which six were relatively normal to the cortical surface (see Figures 3D and 3E). In these normal penetrations, the distribution of neuron groups with alternating inhibitory and facilitatory ERF properties was also found. This suggests that, unlike that for orientation and ocular do ...
chapter 9: nervous system
chapter 9: nervous system

... 1. Lecture Suggestions and Guidelines a. Lecture on the autonomic neurotransmitters. b. Discuss the control mechanisms of autonomic activity. c. Compare the effects of neurotransmitter substances on the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Give examples of these effects on various organs and t ...
Oxygen Levels Regulate the Development of
Oxygen Levels Regulate the Development of

Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal
Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal

FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD LEARNING
FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD LEARNING

...  Largely Golgi type 2 neurons.  Concerned with pain, temperature, and touch from posterior root.  It receives input from descending fibers from supraspinal segments.  Information is also modified. ...
FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD LEARNING
FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD LEARNING

... Largely Golgi type 2 neurons. Concerned with pain, temperature, and touch from posterior root. It receives input from descending fibers from supraspinal segments. Information is also modified. ...
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Channelrhodopsin



Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.
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