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Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)
Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)

... 1996; Hagell et al., 1999; Hauser et al., 1999; Brundin et al., 2000). These discrepancies have been suggested, at least in part, to be attributable to the differences in dissection and preparation of the fetal tissue, in which tissue clumps, tissue stripes, or single-cell suspensions have been used ...
Chapter 10 - MBFys Home Page
Chapter 10 - MBFys Home Page

... renewing photopigments and phagocytosing the photoreceptor disks, whose turnover at a high rate is essential to vision. Consistent with its status as a full-fledged part of the central nervous system, the retina comprises complex neural circuitry that converts the graded electrical activity of photo ...
Full version (PDF file)
Full version (PDF file)

action potential — epilepsy
action potential — epilepsy

PDF+Links
PDF+Links

... Tuszynski et al., 1990; Koliatsos et al., 1991a) and in nonhuman primates (Koliatsos et al. 1991b; Tuszynski et al., 1991; Kordower et al., 1994). In aged rats, intraventricular infusions of NGF reverse cholinergic neuronal atrophy in the basal forebrain and the concomitant memory impairment (Fische ...
central mechanisms underlying short-term and long
central mechanisms underlying short-term and long

... whether there is a common set of "command neurons" within this region of the hypothalamus that trigger both the somatomotor and autonomic changes. It is well known that acute emotional or threatening stimuli can also elicit a marked cardiovascular response. For example, the classic "defence" or "ale ...
The Neuronal Correlate of Consciousness
The Neuronal Correlate of Consciousness

PDF
PDF

OCT and MS
OCT and MS

... Background: ‘‘Non-invasive, faster and less expensive than MRI’’ and ‘‘the eye is a window to the brain’’ are recent slogans promoting optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a new surrogate marker in multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, OCT allows for the first time a non-invasive visualization of axons ...
Gestalt Issues in Modern Neuroscience
Gestalt Issues in Modern Neuroscience

... apparent motion to an intracortical short-circuit between two foci of excitation. Apparent motion occurs when two static lights are presented briefly in a proper sequence. Under these conditions one can perceive either pure motion without object displacement (phi motion) or, when the time interval b ...
Broca`s Area in Language, Action, and Music
Broca`s Area in Language, Action, and Music

... neurons discharge in association with goaldirected actions, such as grasping, manipulating, tearing, and holding, while they do not discharge during similar movements when made with other purposes (e.g., scratching or pushing away). Furthermore, many F5 neurons become active during movements that ha ...
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary

... VAS signals were delivered via a calibrated sound-delivery system. The acoustic drivers were the same type (Radio Shack Super Tweeter, model 40 –1310A) used to generate the original free-field signals (Musicant et al., 1990) but were modified for our insert sound system (Chan et al., 1993). For each ...
Laminar Differences in Dendritic Structure of Pyramidal Neurons in
Laminar Differences in Dendritic Structure of Pyramidal Neurons in

Effect of shRNA knockdown of protein complex subunits on complex
Effect of shRNA knockdown of protein complex subunits on complex

A Cellular Structure for Online Routing of Digital Spiking Neuron
A Cellular Structure for Online Routing of Digital Spiking Neuron

... that nature has accomplished the equivalent to this through billions of years of evolution, employing huge number of processing elements, optimizing each and every system and process from scratch. The only ray of hope is to adopt the right combination of natural processes and imitate this subset of ...
CNS Distribution of Members of the Two-Pore
CNS Distribution of Members of the Two-Pore

... TASK; TREK; TRAAK; TWIK levels in the CNS (see Discussion). The physiological similarity of these channels and their rather nondescript properties are suggestive of an invariant background role in cellular function. However, these channels appear to represent important loci for modulation of neurona ...
CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE: NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS S
CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE: NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS S

... crucial problem of public health justifying the increasing number of studies in this field. For the past 50 years, two main concepts have dominated the study of food intake. In the “depletion-repletion” model, it is proposed that a meal is initiated when available energy falls below a threshold valu ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative

Studying Human Neurodegenerative Diseases in Flies and Worms
Studying Human Neurodegenerative Diseases in Flies and Worms

... play an important role in the polyglutamine disorders, because distinct clinical and pathologic syndromes are produced by polyglutamine expansions within different proteins showing widespread, overlapping expression patterns (reviewed in 9). Similar experiments have been carried out in C. elegans. F ...
FREE Sample Here
FREE Sample Here

... Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 12) Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be ...
Representation of naturalistic image structure in the primate visual
Representation of naturalistic image structure in the primate visual

THE BRAIN`S CONCEPTS: THE ROLE OF THE SENSORY
THE BRAIN`S CONCEPTS: THE ROLE OF THE SENSORY

... actions themselves. The action of grasping has both a motor component (what you do in grasping) and various perceptual components (what it looks like for someone to grasp and what a graspable object looks like). Although we won’t discuss them here, there are other modalities involved as ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their

... Figure 1. Basic anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics of spiny projection neurons and fast-spiking interneurons. A1. Drawing tube reconstruction of a spiny projection neuron stained with biocytin following intracellular recording in vivo. Soma and dendrites in black, axon in red. A2. W ...
ch 48 nervous system
ch 48 nervous system

... sufficiently, it results in a massive change in membrane voltage called an action potential • Action potentials have a constant magnitude, are all-or-none, and transmit signals over long distances • They arise because some ion channels are voltage-gated, opening or closing when the membrane potentia ...
Migration - RinaldiPsych
Migration - RinaldiPsych

... Totipotent – earliest cells have the ability to become any type of body cell Multipotent – with development, neural plate cells are limited to becoming one of the range of mature nervous system cells Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
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Channelrhodopsin



Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.
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