Hsiang-Tung Chang
... In 1940, all the large towns of the east coast and a great part of China were occupied by the Japanese. Thousands and thousands of my people had been assassinated or died of cold and hunger. I was desperate and humiliated, all hopes gone. I decided to leave the academy and travel to Yunan. I met tre ...
... In 1940, all the large towns of the east coast and a great part of China were occupied by the Japanese. Thousands and thousands of my people had been assassinated or died of cold and hunger. I was desperate and humiliated, all hopes gone. I decided to leave the academy and travel to Yunan. I met tre ...
The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse
... revealed that neurons form few and weak synapses in the absence of glia [6] and mice in which gliogenesis is inhibited genetically display rampant neuron loss, diminished motor output [7], and altered synaptogenesis [8]. Nearly three decades of research has provided a framework whereby glia-derived ...
... revealed that neurons form few and weak synapses in the absence of glia [6] and mice in which gliogenesis is inhibited genetically display rampant neuron loss, diminished motor output [7], and altered synaptogenesis [8]. Nearly three decades of research has provided a framework whereby glia-derived ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... for studying the neural mechanisms underlying outcome monitoring and subsequent changes in choice behavior. We specifically probed how CGp neurons respond to gamble outcomes, how such signals influence future choice behavior, and whether artificial activation of CGp systematically perturbs impending ...
... for studying the neural mechanisms underlying outcome monitoring and subsequent changes in choice behavior. We specifically probed how CGp neurons respond to gamble outcomes, how such signals influence future choice behavior, and whether artificial activation of CGp systematically perturbs impending ...
Chapter 9b final
... Appears that the brain rests during sleep SWS may destroy free radicals Fatal familial insomnia (related to mad cow disease) Deficits in attention and memory Dreamlike, confused state, loss of control of ANS, ...
... Appears that the brain rests during sleep SWS may destroy free radicals Fatal familial insomnia (related to mad cow disease) Deficits in attention and memory Dreamlike, confused state, loss of control of ANS, ...
Cortical afferents to the smooth-pursuit region of the macaque
... of the neuron’s spike responses (top); peristimulus time histogram summing these data (middle); and sample eye (solid) and target (dashed) traces (bottom), all during tracking of constant-velocity motion (18° s 1) in the neuron’s optimum direction (70°, upright). This neuron was one of several in t ...
... of the neuron’s spike responses (top); peristimulus time histogram summing these data (middle); and sample eye (solid) and target (dashed) traces (bottom), all during tracking of constant-velocity motion (18° s 1) in the neuron’s optimum direction (70°, upright). This neuron was one of several in t ...
Unit 12 ~ Learning Guide Name
... = interneurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons within the central nervous system and provide a site for signal integration 5. Identify the similarities and differences between the sensory neuron and motor neuron. (2 marks) = sensory neurons and motor neurons both have myelinated axons and t ...
... = interneurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons within the central nervous system and provide a site for signal integration 5. Identify the similarities and differences between the sensory neuron and motor neuron. (2 marks) = sensory neurons and motor neurons both have myelinated axons and t ...
autonomic nervous system
... • The autonomic nervous system contains both autonomic sensory and motor neurons. – Autonomic sensory input is not consciously perceived. • The autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by either increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities of cardiac muscle, smooth ...
... • The autonomic nervous system contains both autonomic sensory and motor neurons. – Autonomic sensory input is not consciously perceived. • The autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by either increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities of cardiac muscle, smooth ...
Nerves and how they work File
... • Answer the directed study questions posed in this lecture • Ensure you understand the structure and the function of the cell membrane, and how these are adapted in the case of neurons and muscle fibres ...
... • Answer the directed study questions posed in this lecture • Ensure you understand the structure and the function of the cell membrane, and how these are adapted in the case of neurons and muscle fibres ...
Time Constants of h Current in Layer II Stellate Cells... along the Dorsal to Ventral Axis of Medial Entorhinal Cortex
... separate days, to allow slicing in different directions. The average age of the animal for all recordings was 19.4 ⫾ 0.2 (n ⫽ 110). There was not a significant relationship between the age of the animal and the frequency of oscillations (see supplemental Fig. 1, available at www.jneurosci.org as sup ...
... separate days, to allow slicing in different directions. The average age of the animal for all recordings was 19.4 ⫾ 0.2 (n ⫽ 110). There was not a significant relationship between the age of the animal and the frequency of oscillations (see supplemental Fig. 1, available at www.jneurosci.org as sup ...
From neuroanatomy to behavior: central integration of peripheral
... thalamus (VMH) are protected from diet-induced leptin resistance, weight gain, adiposity and impaired glucose tolerance58. Moreover, the acute effects of leptin and insulin in the VMH mimic those observed in arcuate POMC neurons58. However, it is apparent that deficiency of insulin receptors in arcu ...
... thalamus (VMH) are protected from diet-induced leptin resistance, weight gain, adiposity and impaired glucose tolerance58. Moreover, the acute effects of leptin and insulin in the VMH mimic those observed in arcuate POMC neurons58. However, it is apparent that deficiency of insulin receptors in arcu ...
3- Hopfield networks
... Here, a neuron either is on (firing) or is off (not firing), a vast simplification of the real situation. The state of a neuron (on: +1 or off: -1) will be renewed depending on the input it receives from other neurons. A Hopfield network is initially trained to store a number of patterns or memories ...
... Here, a neuron either is on (firing) or is off (not firing), a vast simplification of the real situation. The state of a neuron (on: +1 or off: -1) will be renewed depending on the input it receives from other neurons. A Hopfield network is initially trained to store a number of patterns or memories ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... Over the past hundred years, biological research has accumulated an enormous amount of detailed knowledge about the structure and function of the brain. The elementary processing units in the central nervous system are neurons which are connected to each other in an intricate pattern. A tiny portion ...
... Over the past hundred years, biological research has accumulated an enormous amount of detailed knowledge about the structure and function of the brain. The elementary processing units in the central nervous system are neurons which are connected to each other in an intricate pattern. A tiny portion ...
د. غسان The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): The ANS coordinates
... The “fight-or-flight” reaction elicited by the sympathetic system is essentially a whole body response. Changes in organ and tissue function throughout the body are coordinated so that there is an increase in the delivery of well-oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the working skeletal muscles. Both ...
... The “fight-or-flight” reaction elicited by the sympathetic system is essentially a whole body response. Changes in organ and tissue function throughout the body are coordinated so that there is an increase in the delivery of well-oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the working skeletal muscles. Both ...
Nervous_system_Tissue_Overview0
... Have 3 specialized characteristics Longevity: with nutrition, can live as long as you do Amitotic: unable to reproduce themselves (so cannot be replaced) ...
... Have 3 specialized characteristics Longevity: with nutrition, can live as long as you do Amitotic: unable to reproduce themselves (so cannot be replaced) ...
From hand actions to speech: evidence and speculations
... language output functions including speech arrest, slowing of oral reading, paraphasia and anomia. However, the authors reported that at some sites in this region cortical stimulation also produced language comprehension deficits, particularly in response to more complex auditory ver ...
... language output functions including speech arrest, slowing of oral reading, paraphasia and anomia. However, the authors reported that at some sites in this region cortical stimulation also produced language comprehension deficits, particularly in response to more complex auditory ver ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... Germany) fitted with 2.5⫻ plan /0.075 NA and 40⫻-W/0.80 objectives) with the pial surface pointing to the front and the hippocampus to the right. The barrel field was visualized at low magnification under bright-field illumination and can be identified in layer 4 as evenly spaced dark structures. Ba ...
... Germany) fitted with 2.5⫻ plan /0.075 NA and 40⫻-W/0.80 objectives) with the pial surface pointing to the front and the hippocampus to the right. The barrel field was visualized at low magnification under bright-field illumination and can be identified in layer 4 as evenly spaced dark structures. Ba ...
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
... Girard et al. 1992). In some cases, residual MT function may have been conferred by callosal connections from the intact hemisphere (Girard et al. 1992) and, in other cases, via the superior colliculus (SC) (Rodman et al. 1990). However, although SC lesions completely eliminated residual MT response ...
... Girard et al. 1992). In some cases, residual MT function may have been conferred by callosal connections from the intact hemisphere (Girard et al. 1992) and, in other cases, via the superior colliculus (SC) (Rodman et al. 1990). However, although SC lesions completely eliminated residual MT response ...
Vestibular Function and Anatomy
... kinocilia are located closest to utricle in lateral canals and are on canalicular side in other canals Ampullopetal flow (toward the ampulla) excitatory in lateral canals, inhibitory in ...
... kinocilia are located closest to utricle in lateral canals and are on canalicular side in other canals Ampullopetal flow (toward the ampulla) excitatory in lateral canals, inhibitory in ...
Using light to tell the time of day: sensory coding in the mammalian
... Biological photoreceptors such as the opsin:vitamin A-based photopigments used by mammals exhibit distinct genetically determined sensitivities to light of different wavelengths (Govardovskii et al., 2000). Accordingly, the response of any photoreceptive protein must depend on both the amount and sp ...
... Biological photoreceptors such as the opsin:vitamin A-based photopigments used by mammals exhibit distinct genetically determined sensitivities to light of different wavelengths (Govardovskii et al., 2000). Accordingly, the response of any photoreceptive protein must depend on both the amount and sp ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... The difference between IPSP and EPSP is produced by: a. different transmitters, or different post-synaptic membrane responses to the same transmitter b. different transmitters only c. the width of the synaptic cleft d. the speed of impulse conduction down the pre-synaptic neurons e. cerebellar inter ...
... The difference between IPSP and EPSP is produced by: a. different transmitters, or different post-synaptic membrane responses to the same transmitter b. different transmitters only c. the width of the synaptic cleft d. the speed of impulse conduction down the pre-synaptic neurons e. cerebellar inter ...
Y.I. Molkov, Baroreflex models, Encyclopedia of Computational
... case they also used Hodgkin–Huxley-based description but without Ca2+ and K(Ca2+) conductances. So this model solely relies on the network architecture, rather than on the neurons’ biophysical properties. ...
... case they also used Hodgkin–Huxley-based description but without Ca2+ and K(Ca2+) conductances. So this model solely relies on the network architecture, rather than on the neurons’ biophysical properties. ...
Cough, Expiration and Aspiration Reflexes following
... similar stimulation of the nasopharyngeal region persisted in 73 % of tests, however, with a reduced intensity compared to the pre-lesion conditions. The pontine respiratory group seems to be an important source of the facilitatory inputs to the brainstem circuitries that mediate cough, expiration, ...
... similar stimulation of the nasopharyngeal region persisted in 73 % of tests, however, with a reduced intensity compared to the pre-lesion conditions. The pontine respiratory group seems to be an important source of the facilitatory inputs to the brainstem circuitries that mediate cough, expiration, ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.