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neural representation and the cortical code
neural representation and the cortical code

... perceptual discrimination of visual motion, these might be two neurons in the middle temporal cortical area (MT), an area believed to be involved in the representation of visual motion. The response properties of these two neurons to stimuli are identical by construction, yet neuron B2 has no axon a ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
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... defined by the elevated probability of the transitions between CS APunishment and CS B-Reward. The animal observes rarely that CS AReward is followed by CS B-Reward or CS A-Punishment. In other words, if we look at the matrix of transitions between these sequences, we can clearly identify two cluster ...
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The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts
The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts

... cortical convexity, F5c). Functional data confirm this morphological subdivision. Each of the 3 subdivisions of inferior area 6 is part of a different parieto-frontal circuit. The properties of the 3 circuits will be dealt with separately in the sections below. 6.1. The VIP-F4 circuit Area VIP occup ...
Multilayer neural networks
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... network simultaneously throughout the whole network, rather than at specific locations. In other words, in neural networks, both data and its processing are global rather than local.  Learning is a fundamental and essential characteristic of biological neural networks. The ease with which they can ...
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The neural basis of the speed–accuracy tradeoff - Eric
The neural basis of the speed–accuracy tradeoff - Eric

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On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A

... firing was related to call patterns (Hage and Jürgens, 2006). The question of how VOC controls cranial motoneuron pools involved in FM vocalizations was left open in that study. In the present study, we compared neuronal activities of vocalization-correlated neurons (VM neurons) from VOC with those ...
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Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat

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Definition of Neuronal Circuitry Controlling the Activity of Phrenic

... though a few labeled neurons were present in the raphe nuclei, medial reticular formation, and parabrachial nucleus. Nevertheless, differences in the organization of neurons presynaptic to phrenic motoneurons were recently demonstrated in an emetic species, the ferret. In contrast to the rat, the ve ...
Principles of Neural Science
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The Motor Cortex and Descending Control of Movement

... terminate within multiple segments of the spinal cord. These features collectively show that outputs from the PMRF have the potential to influence multiple motoneuron pools and subsequently numerous different muscles. The traditional view is that the RST is largely concerned with control of proximal ...
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey

... Figure 2. Stimulus-selective responses to both paired associates of two representative A36 neurons (A and B for one neuron; C and D for the other neuron). A, C, Raster displays and PSTHs in the optimal (optimal, thick black line) and pair ( pair, thick gray line) trials. The trials were aligned at t ...
Chapter 15: Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic
Chapter 15: Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic

... The simplest receptors are the dendrites of sensory neurons. ...
Neuroanatomical Background to Understanding the Brain of the
Neuroanatomical Background to Understanding the Brain of the

... simply that these areas are grossly damaged, but that the circuitry connecting these areas with each other and with several key regions, are either interrupted by mechanical or toxic damage, or dysregulated by several endogenous factors. These factors may include abnormal neurotransmitter systems, s ...
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Synaptic gating



Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.
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