
7A Nervous System
... Structural Classification of Neurons Unipolar neurons – have a short single process leaving the cell body ...
... Structural Classification of Neurons Unipolar neurons – have a short single process leaving the cell body ...
Chapter 4
... activities originate. In this sense, it is the place where all our controlled interactions with the external world occur. This contrasts with a number of more basic brain regions which are more devoted to monitoring and controlling internal behaviours and automatic responses to external stimuli. Eac ...
... activities originate. In this sense, it is the place where all our controlled interactions with the external world occur. This contrasts with a number of more basic brain regions which are more devoted to monitoring and controlling internal behaviours and automatic responses to external stimuli. Eac ...
Ch02
... – Chlorine ions (Cl-) - negative charge – Potassium ions (K+) - positive charge – Electrical signals are generated when such ions cross the membranes of neurons. • Membranes have selective permeability. ...
... – Chlorine ions (Cl-) - negative charge – Potassium ions (K+) - positive charge – Electrical signals are generated when such ions cross the membranes of neurons. • Membranes have selective permeability. ...
Robo1 Regulates the Migration and Laminar Distribution of Upper
... The mammalian cerebral cortex consists of 6 distinct layers that are largely represented by its excitatory neurons with characteristic axon projection patterns and gene expressions. Early in corticogenesis, neurons arise from the ventricular (VZ) and subventricular (SVZ) zones and move radially towa ...
... The mammalian cerebral cortex consists of 6 distinct layers that are largely represented by its excitatory neurons with characteristic axon projection patterns and gene expressions. Early in corticogenesis, neurons arise from the ventricular (VZ) and subventricular (SVZ) zones and move radially towa ...
PDF of this article
... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
Lancet article - Rudolf Cardinal
... the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC), a key brain region of reward and reinforcement, induce persistent impulsive choices in rats. These rats consistently chose small or poor rewards that were immediately available in preference to larger delayed rewards. The animals also exhibited locomotor hyperactiv ...
... the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC), a key brain region of reward and reinforcement, induce persistent impulsive choices in rats. These rats consistently chose small or poor rewards that were immediately available in preference to larger delayed rewards. The animals also exhibited locomotor hyperactiv ...
Neural and Voluntary Control of Breathing
... Neural Control of Breathing • This topic is still “unsettled” science // exact mechanism for setting the rhythm of respiration remains unknown • Currently, we understand there are three neural circuits (nuclei) within the brain stem which influence breathing – Dorsal respiratory group – Ventral res ...
... Neural Control of Breathing • This topic is still “unsettled” science // exact mechanism for setting the rhythm of respiration remains unknown • Currently, we understand there are three neural circuits (nuclei) within the brain stem which influence breathing – Dorsal respiratory group – Ventral res ...
doc midterm 1 chapter notes
... 2. Brain ablation is a technique used by scientists to discover the function of a particular region of the brain, in which a. subjects are hooked up to an fMRI scanner and electrical activity is noted when the subject is asked to perform certain tasks. b. different parts of the brain are electricall ...
... 2. Brain ablation is a technique used by scientists to discover the function of a particular region of the brain, in which a. subjects are hooked up to an fMRI scanner and electrical activity is noted when the subject is asked to perform certain tasks. b. different parts of the brain are electricall ...
Introductory Psychology Concepts
... Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Neuron and the Synapse Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information. ...
... Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Neuron and the Synapse Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information. ...
Skeletal Muscle
... Visceral reflexes (also known as autonomic reflexes) refer to reflexes such as those which affect the gland secretion or smooth muscle of the cardiac system to contract. The main purpose of the visceral reflexes is to ensure that the involuntary process of the body are in full operating condition an ...
... Visceral reflexes (also known as autonomic reflexes) refer to reflexes such as those which affect the gland secretion or smooth muscle of the cardiac system to contract. The main purpose of the visceral reflexes is to ensure that the involuntary process of the body are in full operating condition an ...
rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces acetylcholinesterase
... increase in the number and reactivity of neurons is visible in this area following REM-SD for 120 h (BOX), and is showrt in part D. AC, Anterior commissure; POA, Preoptic area; OX, Optic chiasma; 3V, Third ventricle. Scale bar: A-C: 245 �m, D: 231 �m. ...
... increase in the number and reactivity of neurons is visible in this area following REM-SD for 120 h (BOX), and is showrt in part D. AC, Anterior commissure; POA, Preoptic area; OX, Optic chiasma; 3V, Third ventricle. Scale bar: A-C: 245 �m, D: 231 �m. ...
Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Action Processing
... would not give precise information about the intrinsic components of the observed action which are critical for understanding what the action is about, what is its goal, and how to reproduce it”. This implies that perception of actions without motor involvement is in some sense incomplete. Others ha ...
... would not give precise information about the intrinsic components of the observed action which are critical for understanding what the action is about, what is its goal, and how to reproduce it”. This implies that perception of actions without motor involvement is in some sense incomplete. Others ha ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... 1997) (J. L. Benton and B. S. Beltz, unpublished observations). These effects were found to be specific to those neuropil areas that normally receive serotonergic innervation (Benton et al., 1997). In the lobster, primary sensory neurons from the olfactory organs (first antennae) terminate in the de ...
... 1997) (J. L. Benton and B. S. Beltz, unpublished observations). These effects were found to be specific to those neuropil areas that normally receive serotonergic innervation (Benton et al., 1997). In the lobster, primary sensory neurons from the olfactory organs (first antennae) terminate in the de ...
central mechanisms underlying short-term and long
... Short-term (i.e. seconds to minutes) changes in sympathetic activity are triggered either reflexly from peripheral receptors, or as part of a centrally generated response (e.g. sympathetic changes that occur at the onset of exercise). Furthermore, long-term changes (i.e. over hours or days or even l ...
... Short-term (i.e. seconds to minutes) changes in sympathetic activity are triggered either reflexly from peripheral receptors, or as part of a centrally generated response (e.g. sympathetic changes that occur at the onset of exercise). Furthermore, long-term changes (i.e. over hours or days or even l ...
Five Essential Components to the Reflex Arc
... they synapse on a lower motor neuron. Symptom of an upper motor neuron disorder is when the patient has weakness or paralysis but reflexes work normally. • INTERNEURONS: These are found in the brain and spinal cord. The ones in the spinal cord have their cell bodies in the dorsal half of the gray ma ...
... they synapse on a lower motor neuron. Symptom of an upper motor neuron disorder is when the patient has weakness or paralysis but reflexes work normally. • INTERNEURONS: These are found in the brain and spinal cord. The ones in the spinal cord have their cell bodies in the dorsal half of the gray ma ...
Slide 1
... FIGURE 5.11 Neurons in the mammalian brain exhibit widely varying electrophysiological properties. (A) Intracellular injection of a depolarizing current pulse in a cortical pyramidal cell results in a train of action potentials that slow down in frequency. This pattern of activity is known as “regu ...
... FIGURE 5.11 Neurons in the mammalian brain exhibit widely varying electrophysiological properties. (A) Intracellular injection of a depolarizing current pulse in a cortical pyramidal cell results in a train of action potentials that slow down in frequency. This pattern of activity is known as “regu ...
Adrenergic System
... Adrenergic System 3) Release of Noradrenaline: An action potential arriving triggers the influx of Ca2+ ions into the cytoplasm of neurons causes vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents into the synaptic space. This release is blocked by drugs as "Bretylium" which is also a ...
... Adrenergic System 3) Release of Noradrenaline: An action potential arriving triggers the influx of Ca2+ ions into the cytoplasm of neurons causes vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents into the synaptic space. This release is blocked by drugs as "Bretylium" which is also a ...
Neurons
... – The dendrites and cell body of a single neuron often receive EPSPs and IPSPs from the synaptic terminals of thousands of presynaptic neurons – The voltages of all the PSPs that reach the postsynaptic cell body at about the same time are added up, a process called integration – If the excitatory an ...
... – The dendrites and cell body of a single neuron often receive EPSPs and IPSPs from the synaptic terminals of thousands of presynaptic neurons – The voltages of all the PSPs that reach the postsynaptic cell body at about the same time are added up, a process called integration – If the excitatory an ...
Strategies for the Generation of Neuronal Diversity in the
... dium (Roelink et al., 1994). In addition, ablation of half of the floor plate on either side of the midline in vivo results in a failure of motor neurons to differentiate on that side (Hirano et al., 1991). However, there is equally compelling evidence for a primary role for the notochord itself in ...
... dium (Roelink et al., 1994). In addition, ablation of half of the floor plate on either side of the midline in vivo results in a failure of motor neurons to differentiate on that side (Hirano et al., 1991). However, there is equally compelling evidence for a primary role for the notochord itself in ...
The neural network model of music cognition ARTIST and
... updated after each measure of the piece. After this, the activations decay exponentially over time, which allows the model to keep in its inputs a kind of memory of the musical context. The role of the neurons in F2 (Top layer, containing the categories) is to signal by their activation level whethe ...
... updated after each measure of the piece. After this, the activations decay exponentially over time, which allows the model to keep in its inputs a kind of memory of the musical context. The role of the neurons in F2 (Top layer, containing the categories) is to signal by their activation level whethe ...
Cognitive-Neuroscience-3rd-Edition-Gazzaniga-Test
... a. Binding of neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane, diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse, release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell b. Diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse, binding of neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane, release of neurotransmit ...
... a. Binding of neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane, diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse, release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell b. Diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse, binding of neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane, release of neurotransmit ...
Neural characterization in partially observed populations of spiking
... Here we extend the point-process modeling framework to incorporate a set of unobserved or “hidden” neurons, whose spike trains are unknown and treated as hidden or latent variables. The unobserved neurons respond to the stimulus and to synaptic inputs from other neurons, and their spiking activity ...
... Here we extend the point-process modeling framework to incorporate a set of unobserved or “hidden” neurons, whose spike trains are unknown and treated as hidden or latent variables. The unobserved neurons respond to the stimulus and to synaptic inputs from other neurons, and their spiking activity ...
The endogenously active brain - William Bechtel
... represented and the representation is then transformed via operations specified by the architecture. This reactive conception of cognition (it occurs in response to a stimulus) has also been shared as the ...
... represented and the representation is then transformed via operations specified by the architecture. This reactive conception of cognition (it occurs in response to a stimulus) has also been shared as the ...
Synaptic gating

Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.