Primary afferent neurons of the gut
... An enormous range of chemical mediators have been implicated in sensory signal transduction in the visceral These substances are thought to produce their effects on visceral afferent nerves by three distinct processes: Direct activation opening of ion channels present on the nerve terminals ...
... An enormous range of chemical mediators have been implicated in sensory signal transduction in the visceral These substances are thought to produce their effects on visceral afferent nerves by three distinct processes: Direct activation opening of ion channels present on the nerve terminals ...
The limbic system. A maze on the essentials: memory, learning and
... The fibres of the medial septal nuclei travel to the hippocampus through the fornix. Both septal nucleus are communicated and they have relationship between hippocampus and the medial septal n. They have involvement in memory. (Figure 24) The hippocampal formation has an intrinsic circuitry and it e ...
... The fibres of the medial septal nuclei travel to the hippocampus through the fornix. Both septal nucleus are communicated and they have relationship between hippocampus and the medial septal n. They have involvement in memory. (Figure 24) The hippocampal formation has an intrinsic circuitry and it e ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... The idea of the present two-part paper is that, at the appropriate level of analysis, there are certain uniformities in the structure of the brain that suggest that some simple general principles of organization must be at work. If this is the case, looking at the tasks performed by the brain from a ...
... The idea of the present two-part paper is that, at the appropriate level of analysis, there are certain uniformities in the structure of the brain that suggest that some simple general principles of organization must be at work. If this is the case, looking at the tasks performed by the brain from a ...
Heterogeneity of GABAergic Cells in Cat Visual Cortex
... shifts the ocular dominance from extreme values to those of class4 in many cortical cells. This multiplicity of physiological effectsof GABAergic inhibition is to a certain extent paralleled by a morphological diversity of GABAergic cells. Indeed, most stellatecells,basketcells,and axoaxonic cellsor ...
... shifts the ocular dominance from extreme values to those of class4 in many cortical cells. This multiplicity of physiological effectsof GABAergic inhibition is to a certain extent paralleled by a morphological diversity of GABAergic cells. Indeed, most stellatecells,basketcells,and axoaxonic cellsor ...
Artificial Neural Networks and Near Infrared Spectroscopy
... Training of ANN models For linear models it is a quite straightforward task to estimate the regression coefficients e.g. through a least squares estimation, minimizing the residuals between the laboratory reference values and the predicted values. In a linear model we estimate 100 regression coeffi ...
... Training of ANN models For linear models it is a quite straightforward task to estimate the regression coefficients e.g. through a least squares estimation, minimizing the residuals between the laboratory reference values and the predicted values. In a linear model we estimate 100 regression coeffi ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... synapses. The fact that leptin could reduce the excitability and inhibit the action potential generation in hippocampal neurons led to the studies that examined leptin as an anti-convulsion candidate in epilepsy animal models [44]. Interestingly, leptin has also been shown to increase the excitabili ...
... synapses. The fact that leptin could reduce the excitability and inhibit the action potential generation in hippocampal neurons led to the studies that examined leptin as an anti-convulsion candidate in epilepsy animal models [44]. Interestingly, leptin has also been shown to increase the excitabili ...
Lateral olfactory processing
... mammalian olfactory bulb and its insect analog, the antennal lobe. These results are now beginning to elaborate which of these circuit motifs are operative in early olfactory processing and what role they play in odor coding (Aungst et al 2003; McGann et al. 2005; Olsen et al. 2007; Shang et al. 200 ...
... mammalian olfactory bulb and its insect analog, the antennal lobe. These results are now beginning to elaborate which of these circuit motifs are operative in early olfactory processing and what role they play in odor coding (Aungst et al 2003; McGann et al. 2005; Olsen et al. 2007; Shang et al. 200 ...
Reverse Engineering the Brain - Biomedical Computation Review
... chosen a certain way and when you choose that, it becomes easier, not more difficult.” has chosen a certain way and when you choose that, it becomes easier, not more difficult.” Data for the Blue Brain project was gathered using a key innovation: the ability to record ion signals from many neurons a ...
... chosen a certain way and when you choose that, it becomes easier, not more difficult.” has chosen a certain way and when you choose that, it becomes easier, not more difficult.” Data for the Blue Brain project was gathered using a key innovation: the ability to record ion signals from many neurons a ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... Figure 2. Diagram of the tadpole preparation and paired whole-cell recordings to show that aINs produce direct inhibition of spinal CPG neurons. A, Scale diagram of the CNS viewed from the right showing the location of two neurobiotin-filled neurons with a synaptic connection, shown in more detail i ...
... Figure 2. Diagram of the tadpole preparation and paired whole-cell recordings to show that aINs produce direct inhibition of spinal CPG neurons. A, Scale diagram of the CNS viewed from the right showing the location of two neurobiotin-filled neurons with a synaptic connection, shown in more detail i ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... picture of that portion of the theory which provides answers to the following questions: What is cortical knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the mo ...
... picture of that portion of the theory which provides answers to the following questions: What is cortical knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the mo ...
action potential
... The cone snail kills prey with venom that disables neurons Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information within the body Neurons use two types of signals to communicate: electrical signals (long distance) and chemical signals (short distance) ...
... The cone snail kills prey with venom that disables neurons Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information within the body Neurons use two types of signals to communicate: electrical signals (long distance) and chemical signals (short distance) ...
Media Release
... This emerges from a new neuroscience study published in PLOS Computational Biology. Enel et al at the INSERM in France investigate one of the most noteworthy properties of primate behavior, its diversity and adaptability. Human and non-human primates can learn an astonishing variety of novel behavio ...
... This emerges from a new neuroscience study published in PLOS Computational Biology. Enel et al at the INSERM in France investigate one of the most noteworthy properties of primate behavior, its diversity and adaptability. Human and non-human primates can learn an astonishing variety of novel behavio ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase all show similar increments over time in culture (19). Furthermore, even after several months under these conditions, the superior cervical ganglion neurons stain positively with a specific antibody to tyrosine hydroxylas ...
... choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase all show similar increments over time in culture (19). Furthermore, even after several months under these conditions, the superior cervical ganglion neurons stain positively with a specific antibody to tyrosine hydroxylas ...
the central nervous system
... In children matures slowly and is heavily dependent on positive and negative feedback Closely linked to the emotional part of the brain (limbic system) Plays a role intuitive judgments and mood Tremendous elaboration of this region sets humans apart from other animals Language comprehension and word ...
... In children matures slowly and is heavily dependent on positive and negative feedback Closely linked to the emotional part of the brain (limbic system) Plays a role intuitive judgments and mood Tremendous elaboration of this region sets humans apart from other animals Language comprehension and word ...
AP150 PATHWAYS ASSIGNMENT
... An action potential begins on a ___UPPER MOTOR_ neurons that leaves the __FRONTAL__ lobe of the brain and passes through the ____CEREBRAL PENDUNCLES__ of the midbrain and then the __PYRAMIDS__ of the medulla oblongata where it then decussates and travels down a __ANTERIOR OR LATTERAL __ column to th ...
... An action potential begins on a ___UPPER MOTOR_ neurons that leaves the __FRONTAL__ lobe of the brain and passes through the ____CEREBRAL PENDUNCLES__ of the midbrain and then the __PYRAMIDS__ of the medulla oblongata where it then decussates and travels down a __ANTERIOR OR LATTERAL __ column to th ...
Chap 14b Powerpoint
... The corpus callosum is one of the three important groups of commissural tracts (the other two being the anterior and posterior commissures) – it is a thick band of axons that connects corresponding areas of the two hemispheres. Through the corpus callosum, the left motor cortex (which controls th ...
... The corpus callosum is one of the three important groups of commissural tracts (the other two being the anterior and posterior commissures) – it is a thick band of axons that connects corresponding areas of the two hemispheres. Through the corpus callosum, the left motor cortex (which controls th ...
Chapter 12 – Auditory Localization and Organization
... A simple way to create time of arrival signaling is to have a longer path from neurons originating in one ear to the postsynaptic neuron than the path from the other ear. This is analagous to the motion detectors we studied a couple of chapters ago. Sounds in front of us If a sound strikes both L an ...
... A simple way to create time of arrival signaling is to have a longer path from neurons originating in one ear to the postsynaptic neuron than the path from the other ear. This is analagous to the motion detectors we studied a couple of chapters ago. Sounds in front of us If a sound strikes both L an ...
Trigeminal Nerve
... the spinal nucleus of V. From there, the pathway passes to the thalamus via the ventral trigeminothalamic tract. Proprioceptive fibers in the trigeminal nerve project to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (mesencephalic nucleus of V), where their cell bodies are located. Collaterals project to ...
... the spinal nucleus of V. From there, the pathway passes to the thalamus via the ventral trigeminothalamic tract. Proprioceptive fibers in the trigeminal nerve project to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (mesencephalic nucleus of V), where their cell bodies are located. Collaterals project to ...
Visual Motion Perception using Critical Branching Neural Computation
... connected by characteristically recurrent loops varying in spatial and temporal scale (Buzsáki, 2006). This connectivity structure produces patterns of network activity that are continually in flux, and in this sense network dynamics cannot be characterized by simple point or limit cycle attractors. ...
... connected by characteristically recurrent loops varying in spatial and temporal scale (Buzsáki, 2006). This connectivity structure produces patterns of network activity that are continually in flux, and in this sense network dynamics cannot be characterized by simple point or limit cycle attractors. ...
Enhanced intrinsic excitability and EPSP
... course of EE. However, there are other studies that did not find any effect of EE on basal ...
... course of EE. However, there are other studies that did not find any effect of EE on basal ...
phys chapter 56 [10-19
... loses subconscious ability to predict how far different parts of body will move in given time; without this capability, person unable to determine when next sequential movement needs to begin o Helps time events other than movements of body (rates of progression of both auditory and visual phenomena ...
... loses subconscious ability to predict how far different parts of body will move in given time; without this capability, person unable to determine when next sequential movement needs to begin o Helps time events other than movements of body (rates of progression of both auditory and visual phenomena ...
Cholinergic Modulation of Arousal in the Pedunculopontine (PPN
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the cholinergic arm of the Reticular Activating System (RAS), which is active during waking and REM sleep. The PPN has ascending projections to the intralaminar thalamus, especially the parafascicular (Pf) nucleus, and descending projections to SubCoeruleus (Sub ...
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the cholinergic arm of the Reticular Activating System (RAS), which is active during waking and REM sleep. The PPN has ascending projections to the intralaminar thalamus, especially the parafascicular (Pf) nucleus, and descending projections to SubCoeruleus (Sub ...
Slide 1
... • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take ...
... • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, b ...
... in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, b ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.