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Neural basis of learning and memory
Neural basis of learning and memory

... occurs and multiple neurons interconnect to form neural pathways. At the level of the synapse, neural plasticity is commonly called synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of the synapse to change over time. For example, change may occur through growth or formation of new syna ...
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Central Nervous System I. Brain - Function A. Hindbrain 1. Medulla

... The anterior rami of the spinal nerves, except for thoracic nerves T2-T12 do not go directly to the body structures they supply. Instead they form networks or plexuses on each side of the body by joining various neurons from the anterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves. Emerging from the plexuses is ...
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A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of

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Lema and Nevitt, 2004a
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PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus

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DISSOCIATION OF TARGET SELECTION AND SACCADE
DISSOCIATION OF TARGET SELECTION AND SACCADE

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... The second paragraph just quoted is particularly pertinent when we examine larger scale behaviors of networks. At the level of neuron modeling, what is immediately of concern to us is Grossberg's comment, "Two seemingly different models can be equivalent from a functional viewpoint if they both gene ...
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Synaptic gating



Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.
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