Touch is complicated
... Both pathways are precisely organized by function and body location – remember contralaterality! Neural representation ...
... Both pathways are precisely organized by function and body location – remember contralaterality! Neural representation ...
Vestibular Signals of Posterior Parietal Cortex Neurons during
... sensory and motor cortices and thus could be involved in the formation of motor plans as well as abstract representations of space. We have recorded from neurons in the intraparietal sulcus, namely, the ventral and medial intraparietal areas (VIP and MIP, respectively), and analyzed their head-movem ...
... sensory and motor cortices and thus could be involved in the formation of motor plans as well as abstract representations of space. We have recorded from neurons in the intraparietal sulcus, namely, the ventral and medial intraparietal areas (VIP and MIP, respectively), and analyzed their head-movem ...
A biologically constrained learning mechanism in networks of formal
... In the present paper, we show that it is possible to define a new, local, selectionist learning rule, which avoids the above-mentioned pitfalls, while guaranteeing the perfect memorization and retrieval of orthogonal prototype patterns of information (up to a maximal storage capacity). Starting from ...
... In the present paper, we show that it is possible to define a new, local, selectionist learning rule, which avoids the above-mentioned pitfalls, while guaranteeing the perfect memorization and retrieval of orthogonal prototype patterns of information (up to a maximal storage capacity). Starting from ...
VISCERAL SENSORY NEURONS THAT INNERVATE BOTH
... interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain, and others) are more prevalent in women.1,2 Indeed in most clinical studies, women report more severe pain levels, more frequent pain, and longer duration of pain than do men. Nociception is a balance of pro- and antinociceptive inputs that is subject to r ...
... interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain, and others) are more prevalent in women.1,2 Indeed in most clinical studies, women report more severe pain levels, more frequent pain, and longer duration of pain than do men. Nociception is a balance of pro- and antinociceptive inputs that is subject to r ...
Orbital Frontal Cortex Slides
... The firing rates of OFC neurons were more likely to vary with the value of the drinks, rather than the physical properties (ex: Taste or Volume) A neuron that was encoding the value of the chosen reward might show a higher Firing rate when the monkey choose the one drop of juice to the one drop of ...
... The firing rates of OFC neurons were more likely to vary with the value of the drinks, rather than the physical properties (ex: Taste or Volume) A neuron that was encoding the value of the chosen reward might show a higher Firing rate when the monkey choose the one drop of juice to the one drop of ...
Receptor Theory and Biological Constraints on Value
... economic quantity, which is represented by a scalar quantity. There are two ways that utility can be interpreted in the context of Equation 2. The first is to interpret utility as z, the exogenous entity, and treat it as if it were a physical quantity that is transformed into a cellular response. Th ...
... economic quantity, which is represented by a scalar quantity. There are two ways that utility can be interpreted in the context of Equation 2. The first is to interpret utility as z, the exogenous entity, and treat it as if it were a physical quantity that is transformed into a cellular response. Th ...
The Thalamus
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
An implantable electrode design for both chronic in vivo
... silicone is high enough to ensure equal distribution on the wire and to still be fast curing, yielding insulation within 5 min. The insulated wire was then cut into 4/5 cm long pieces, the length to cover the distance between the third abdominal segment and the hind third of the carapace, leaving e ...
... silicone is high enough to ensure equal distribution on the wire and to still be fast curing, yielding insulation within 5 min. The insulated wire was then cut into 4/5 cm long pieces, the length to cover the distance between the third abdominal segment and the hind third of the carapace, leaving e ...
CHAPTER2studynotes
... At all levels, researchers examine how we take in information; organize, interpret, and store it; and use it. The information systems of humans and other animals operate similarly. For example, although the human brain is more complex than a rat’s, both follow the same principles. This similarity pe ...
... At all levels, researchers examine how we take in information; organize, interpret, and store it; and use it. The information systems of humans and other animals operate similarly. For example, although the human brain is more complex than a rat’s, both follow the same principles. This similarity pe ...
introduction to peripheral nervous system 26. 02. 2014
... (autonomic sensory). The major sensory modalities other than touch (vision, audition, smell, and taste) are sometimes referred to as special sensory. The hypothalamus controls the autonomic system, which has neurons that are bundled together with somatic system neurons in the cranial and spinal nerv ...
... (autonomic sensory). The major sensory modalities other than touch (vision, audition, smell, and taste) are sometimes referred to as special sensory. The hypothalamus controls the autonomic system, which has neurons that are bundled together with somatic system neurons in the cranial and spinal nerv ...
ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Dopaminergic Neurons
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...
Chunking of Action Sequences in the Cortex
... This report is based on a novel hypothesis about how habitual behaviour is represented and learned in the brain. It originates from the work of Graybiel (1998) and parts of it have been published by Djurfeldt et al. (2001). The traditional picture is that the action is learned initially in cortex, a ...
... This report is based on a novel hypothesis about how habitual behaviour is represented and learned in the brain. It originates from the work of Graybiel (1998) and parts of it have been published by Djurfeldt et al. (2001). The traditional picture is that the action is learned initially in cortex, a ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
Neural Nets
... Neural Networks Outline: The biological neuron History of neural networks research The Perceptron Examples Training algorithm Fundamental training theorem Two-level perceptrons ...
... Neural Networks Outline: The biological neuron History of neural networks research The Perceptron Examples Training algorithm Fundamental training theorem Two-level perceptrons ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 19.1 Evidence of synapse elimination
... innervated neuromuscular junctions are on twitch muscle fibers that have voltage-sensitive sodium channels. The multiply innervated neuromuscular junctions are found on tonic muscle fibers that do not have regenerative potentials. Labeling of different axons with different colors was accomplished by ...
... innervated neuromuscular junctions are on twitch muscle fibers that have voltage-sensitive sodium channels. The multiply innervated neuromuscular junctions are found on tonic muscle fibers that do not have regenerative potentials. Labeling of different axons with different colors was accomplished by ...
Brain Oscillations Control Timing of Single
... We examined data from intracranial microelectrodes in patients undergoing surgical treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Electrodes were positioned by clinical teams to isolate the epileptic seizure focus for subsequent potential surgical resection (surgeries performed by I.F.). Microelectrode cove ...
... We examined data from intracranial microelectrodes in patients undergoing surgical treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Electrodes were positioned by clinical teams to isolate the epileptic seizure focus for subsequent potential surgical resection (surgeries performed by I.F.). Microelectrode cove ...
Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory
... Different odors induce innate approach or avoidance behaviors in Drosophila. Innate odor responses can be modulated by experience, such as associative learning. After simultaneous exposure to an electric shock and an odorant, flies form aversive memory and show robust conditioned odor avoidance that ...
... Different odors induce innate approach or avoidance behaviors in Drosophila. Innate odor responses can be modulated by experience, such as associative learning. After simultaneous exposure to an electric shock and an odorant, flies form aversive memory and show robust conditioned odor avoidance that ...
Biological Perspective Studies
... In 1848, Gage, 25, was the foreman of a crew cutting a railroad bed in Cavendish, Vermont. On September 13, as he was using a tamping iron to pack explosive powder into a hole, the powder detonated. The tamping iron—43 inches long, 1.25 inches in diameter and weighing 13.25 pounds—shot skyward, pene ...
... In 1848, Gage, 25, was the foreman of a crew cutting a railroad bed in Cavendish, Vermont. On September 13, as he was using a tamping iron to pack explosive powder into a hole, the powder detonated. The tamping iron—43 inches long, 1.25 inches in diameter and weighing 13.25 pounds—shot skyward, pene ...
Thesis Proposal Presentation
... Payne, J.D. (1999). Are stimulants overprescribed? treatment of ADHD in four U.S. communities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 794-804. ...
... Payne, J.D. (1999). Are stimulants overprescribed? treatment of ADHD in four U.S. communities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 794-804. ...
Document
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
Nervous System
... 2. The structural unit of the nervous system is the ________________ or _______________. 3. There are two types of nerve fibers. _________________ connect with other neurons to receive information and a single ________________ conducts impulses away from the cell body. 4. Impulses are passed from on ...
... 2. The structural unit of the nervous system is the ________________ or _______________. 3. There are two types of nerve fibers. _________________ connect with other neurons to receive information and a single ________________ conducts impulses away from the cell body. 4. Impulses are passed from on ...
The Bifurcating Neuron Network 1q
... reproduce the actual behavior of a neuron as closely as possible. Choosing a model neuron of the proper complexity is not an easy task because the nature of the approximation implied by a certain model is often unclear until the model is tested in a network. An obvious minimum requirement would be t ...
... reproduce the actual behavior of a neuron as closely as possible. Choosing a model neuron of the proper complexity is not an easy task because the nature of the approximation implied by a certain model is often unclear until the model is tested in a network. An obvious minimum requirement would be t ...
sensory1
... • Graded potentials are the result of transduction within a receptor. Transduction produces a receptor potential • Amplitude is usually in proportion to the stimulus intensity • Specialty receptor cells with no axon (visual, gustatory, auditory, and vestibular systems). The graded receptor potential ...
... • Graded potentials are the result of transduction within a receptor. Transduction produces a receptor potential • Amplitude is usually in proportion to the stimulus intensity • Specialty receptor cells with no axon (visual, gustatory, auditory, and vestibular systems). The graded receptor potential ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
Bio_246_files/Clinical Considerations of the Nervous System
... formation travel down reticulospinal tract to dorsal horn • secrete inhibitory substances (enkephalins and serotonin) – block pain fibers from secreting substance P » pain signals never ascend » Opioids such as morphine also block receptors for pain transmission within the brain and spinal cord. » C ...
... formation travel down reticulospinal tract to dorsal horn • secrete inhibitory substances (enkephalins and serotonin) – block pain fibers from secreting substance P » pain signals never ascend » Opioids such as morphine also block receptors for pain transmission within the brain and spinal cord. » C ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.